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Krajowcy
The ''Krajowcy'' (, ''Fellow Countrymen'' or ''Natives''; , ) were a group of mainly Polish-speaking intellectuals from the Vilnius Region who, at the beginning of the 20th century, opposed the division of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into nation states along ethnic and linguistic lines. The movement was a reaction against growing nationalism in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The attempted to maintain their dual self-identification as Polish–Lithuanian (''gente Lithuanus, natione Polonus'') rather than just Polish or Lithuanian. The were scattered and few in number and as a result failed to organize a widescale social movement. Views The were mostly descendants of the nobles of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian nobility being part of the ''szlachta''). They identified themselves with Polish culture but maintained a sense of loyalty to the old Grand Duchy. The consisted of two wings: the conservative-moderate wing, composed mostly of large lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konstancja Skirmuntt
Konstancja Skirmuntt (also Konstancja Skirmunttówna, ; 1851–1934) was an amateur Polish-Lithuanian historian, a member of the '' Krajowcy'' movement who wanted to preserve the dual Polish-Lithuanian identity. Born to a noble family of deep roots in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Skirmuntt spent most of her life in or near Pinsk. Without any formal education in history, she wrote four major historical works that romanticized and idealized the past. Written in easy and accessible language, they became popular. She also published articles in Polish and Lithuanian press debating the issues of the Polish-Lithuanian identity. She supported the Lithuanian National Revival, but opposed both Lithuanian and Polish nationalism. After World War I, she published criticism of the Second Polish Republic and its policies and attitudes towards its ethnic minorities. Biography Skirmuntt was born in 1851 in in the Pinsky Uyezd of the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, partitions of Poland–Lithuania. The state was founded by Lithuanians (tribe), Lithuanians, who were at the time a Lithuanian mythology, polytheistic nation of several united Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. By 1440 the grand duchy had become the largest European state, controlling an area from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south. The grand duchy expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other neighbouring states, including what is now Belarus, Lithuania, most of Ukraine as well as parts of Latvia, Moldova, Poland and Russia. At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. It was a multinational state, multi-ethnic and multiconfessionalism, multiconfessional sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michał Pius Römer
Michał Pius Römer (; 28 May 1880 – 22 February 1945) was a Polish-Lithuanian lawyer, scientist and politician. Early years Römer was born in Lithuania into a Polish noble family of Baltic-German (Livonian) origin. He was one of szlachta members loyal to the heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, referred to as Krajowcy. His father was Michał Kazimierz Römer and mother was Konstancja Tukałło. He attended the Imperial School of Jurisprudence in Saint Petersburg (1893–1901) and later studied history in the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (1901–1902), after that he moved to Paris to study in ''École des sciences politiques'' (1902–1905). In Paris, he belonged to the organisation "Spójnia", where he headed the group "Lithuania", and was closely related to the . He gave the lecture on cultural-ethnographic situation in Lithuania in Café Voltaire, together with another Lithuanian activist, Tadas Ivanauskas. It was later published in Kraków by "Krytyka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raman Skirmunt
Raman (Roman) Skirmunt (; 7 May 1868 – 7 October 1939) was a Belarusian and Polesian statesman, aristocrat and landlord. Patron, significant landowner, vice-chairman (1907-1917, 1918-?) of the Minsk Agricultural Society. Deputy (1906) of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire; deputy (1910-1911) of the State Council of the Russian Empire from the Minsk province; (nominal) Prime Minister of the BNR (1918) — was not approved for the post of Prime Minister; senator of Poland (1930-1935). His cousin Konstanty Skirmunt was a notable Polish diplomat and minister of foreign affairs. Early years Raman Skirmunt was born in the village Parechcha in the Pinsky Uyezd of the Minsk Governorate (present-day Pinsk District of Belarus) in the family of Alexander Alexandrovich-Izidorovich Skirmunt (1830—1909), the representative of into the local noble family of the Catholic Lithuanian noble family of the Skirmunts. Roman Skyrmunt wrote about his origins: His father was the son o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antanas Baranauskas
Antanas Baranauskas (; 17 January 1835 – 26 November 1902) was a Lithuanian poet, mathematician and Catholic bishop of Sejny. Baranauskas is best known as the author of the Lithuanian poem '' Anykščių šilelis''. He used various pen names, including ''A.B., Bangputys, Jurksztas Smalaūsis, Jurkštas Smalaūsis'', and ''Baronas''. He also wrote poetry in Polish. Early years Baranauskas was born to a small farmer family of Lithuanian nobility origin. Early in his youth, his parents sent him to a local parochial school. After finishing his studies there, Baranauskas initially remained in the parish. As described in his diary, between the years 1841 and 1843 he learned the Polish language and between 1848 and 1851 Russian. His first attempts to write poetry and rhyme in Lithuanian are to be found in his diaries. Later he attended a bi-yearly school for communal writers in Rumšiškės. There he started writing his first poems in Polish. Adulthood In 1853, he finished s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutejszy
''Tutejszy'' was a self-identification of Eastern European rural populations, who did not have a clear national identity. The term means "from here", "local" or "natives". This was mostly in mixed-lingual Eastern European areas, including Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, and Latvia, in particular, in Polesia and Podlachia. As a self-identification, it persisted in Lithuania’s Vilnius Region into the late 20th century. For example, in 1989, a poll of persons whose passports recorded their ethnicity as Polish revealed that 4% of them regarded themselves as , 10% as Lithuanians, and 84% as Poles. In Poland The term was first used in an official publication in 1922 in the preliminary results of the Polish census of 1921 (''Miesięcznik Statystyczny'', vol. V). An indigenous nationality (; ) was declared by 38,943 persons, with the vast majority being Orthodox (38,135) and from rural areas (36,729). The Census stated that this category was for "population who could not descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwik Abramowicz (1879–1939)
Ludwik Abramowicz-Niepokójczycki (5 July 1879 – 3 March 1939) was a Polish activist, bibliophile, publicist and editor. He was one of the major activists of the '' krajowcy'' faction, living in Vilnius (Vilna in Russian). Life Born in Moscow, he studied in Kharkiv and Kraków. In 1906 he moved to Vilnius. During World War I, while living in Poland, he actively supported Lithuanian independence. There he was active contributor to '' Gazeta Wileńska'', founded by Michał Römer. Later he was an editor of Polish language newspaper ''Przegląd Wileński'' (Wilno Review, 1912–1913, 1921–1939). The newspaper promoted krajowcy views and developed Lithuanian cultural ideas separate from Polish culture. After Abramowicz returned to Vilnius in 1919, he actively promoted the idea, that Vilnius Region Vilnius Region is the territory in present-day Lithuania and Belarus that was originally inhabited by ethnic Baltic tribes and was a part of Lithuania proper, but came under Ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tadeusz Wróblewski
Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski (8 November 1858 – 3 July 1925) was a Polish noble, politician, lawyer, bibliophile and cultural activist. He supported the democratic wing of the Krajowcy movement and founded the Wróblewski Library in Vilnius. Biography Tadeusz Wróblewski was born to a family of a famous homeopathic doctor. His uncle Walery Antoni Wróblewski was one of the Polish January Uprising (1863–1864) leaders in Lithuania and later General of the Paris Commune (1871). After graduating from the Gymnasium in Vilna, Wróblewski did not have a chance to get a doctor's diploma because he was expelled from Saint Petersburg surgical-medical academy and later from the University of Warsaw for participation in revolutionary organizations. In 1884 he was exiled to Siberia for such revolutionary activities. Few years after he was released from exile in Tobolsk Governorate, Wróblewski took equivalence examination and graduated from St. Petersburg University with a mast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Language
Lithuanian (, ) is an East Baltic languages, East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic languages, Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the language of Lithuanians and the official language of Lithuania as well as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are approximately 2.8 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 1 million speakers elsewhere. Around half a million inhabitants of Lithuania of non-Lithuanian background speak Lithuanian daily as a second language. Lithuanian is closely related to neighbouring Latvian language, Latvian, though the two languages are not mutually intelligible. It is written in a Latin script. In some respects, some linguists consider it to be the most conservative (language), conservative of the existing Indo-European languages, retaining features of the Proto-Indo-European language that had disappeared through development from other descendant languages. History Among Indo-European languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regional Party Of Lithuania And White Ruthenia
The Regional Party of Lithuania and White Ruthenia was a political party of major Polish-speaking (mostly of Belarusian origin) nobility and landlords (so called krajowcy) living on the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (what is now Republic of Lithuania and Belarus) in early 20th century. The initiator of creation of the party was Raman Skirmunt (he called himself "Belarusian"). In November 1905 he published a manifest of the ''Regional party of Lithuania and Ruthenia'' that in fact was a party program which demanded introduction of democratic freedoms and especially the freedom of national life and equality of nationalities as well as regional autonomy for the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and protection of private property. In early 1906 Skirmunt published the manifest once again, having adjusted the name of the party to ''Regional party of White Ruthenia and Lithuania''. On June 17 in Vilnius which decided to establish the ''Regional party of Lithuania and Belaru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Democratic Republic
The Belarusian People's Republic (BNR; , ), also known as the Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its Second Constituent Charter on 9 March 1918 during World War I. The Council proclaimed the Belarusian Democratic Republic independent in its Third Constituent Charter on 25 March 1918 during the occupation of contemporary Belarus by the Imperial German Army. The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic never had power over the whole territory of Belarus. In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia-controlled Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (which later became part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia, Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Hrodna, but ceased to exist due to the partition of the whole Belarusian territory between the Bolshevik Red Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Narutowicz
Stanisław Narutowicz ( ; 2 September 1862 – 31 December 1932) was a lawyer and politician, one of the 20 signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania. His brother was the first president of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz. Born into a family of Lithuanian nobility, Narutowicz studied law at Kiev University. As a student he joined socialist groups and organized publication of the Polish-language workers' newspaper ', but soon withdrew from more active political work. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was elected to a ''zemstvo'' (an institution of local self-government), participated in the Great Seimas of Vilnius, and was briefly arrested for his involvement in the anti-Tsarist activities in Alsėdžiai. Together with his wife Joanna, Narutowicz established a progymnasium for girls and gymnasium for boys in Telšiai in 1907 and 1909, respectively. In 1917, he helped organize the Vilnius Conference and was elected to the 20-member Council of Lithuania. He was the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
