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Kluyveromyces Marxianus
''Kluyveromyces marxianus'' in Ascomycota, ascomycetous yeast and member of the genus, ''Kluyveromyces''. It is the teleomorph, sexual stage (teleomorph) of ''Atelosaccharomyces pseudotropicalis'' also known as ''Candida (fungus), Candida kefyr''. This species has a homothallic mating system and is often isolated from dairy products. History Taxonomy This species was first described in the genus ''Saccharomyces'' as ''S. marxianus'' by the Danish mycologist, Emil Christian Hansen from Wort, beer wort. He named the species for the Zymology, zymologist, Louis Marx of Marseille who first isolated it from grape. The species was transferred to the genus ''Kluyveromyces'' by van der Walt in 1956. Since then, 45 species have been recognized in this genus. The anamorphic basionym ''Saccharomyces kefyr'' was created by Martinus Beijerinck in 1889 in an article titled ''Sur le kéfir'' ("On kefir" in English); the type material is a grain of kefir. The other commonly-used anamorphic basio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kluyveromyces
''Kluyveromyces'' is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Some of the species, such as ''Kluyveromyces marxianus, K. marxianus'', are the teleomorphs of ''Candida (genus), Candida species''. The genus name of ''Kluyveromyces'' is in honour of Albert Jan Kluyver Royal Society, ForMemRS (1888-1956), who was a Dutch people, Dutch microbiologist and biochemist. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Johannes P. Van der Walt in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (journal), Antonie van Leeuwenhoek vol.22 on pages 268–271 in 1956. Mating and spore, sporulation in ''Kluyveromyces'' are co-induced by poor environments and most often occur in succession without intervening ploidy, diploid mitosis, mitotic cell divisions.Hanson SJ, Wolfe KH. An Evolutionary Perspective on Yeast Mating-Type Switching. Genetics. 2017 May;206(1):9-32. doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.202036. [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476860?dopt=Abstract PMID 28476860]; PMCID: PMC5419495 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emil Christian Hansen
Emil Christian Hansen (8 May 1842 – 27 August 1909) was a Danish mycologist and fermentation physiologist. Early life and education Hansen was born in Ribe to Joseph Christian Hansen, a house-painter, and his wife Ane Catherina Dyhre. Between 1874 and 1875 he edited and distributed an mycological exsiccata work, namely ''Fungorum fimicolorum exempl. exsiccati'', with 350 numbered specimen units. He was awarded a gold medal in 1876 for an essay on fungi, titled ''De danske Gjødningssvampe''. During his days as a university student in Copenhagen, he worked as an unpaid assistant to zoologist Japetus Steenstrup (1813–1897). Career In 1876, with Alfred Jørgensen (1848–1925), he published a Danish translation of Charles Darwin’s " The Voyage of the Beagle"; ''Rejse om Jorden''. From 1879 to 1909, he was director of the physiological department at Carlsberg Laboratory. Hired by the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen in 1879, he became the first to isolate a pure c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kluyveromyces Lactis
''Kluyveromyces lactis'' is a ''Kluyveromyces'' yeast commonly used for genetic studies and industrial applications. Its name comes from the ability to assimilate lactose and convert it into lactic acid. ''Kluyveromyces lactis'' (formerly ''Saccharomyces lactis'') is a yeast which has the ability to assimilate lactose and convert it into lactic acid. ''K. lactis'' and other organisms i.e., ''Aspergillus niger'' var awamori and ''Escherichia coli'' K-12 are grown in fermenters to produce chymosin (rennet) on a commercial scale; this rennet, which replaces the conventional form obtained from slaughtered animals, is now widely used in cheese production. Yeasts and fungi are ideal organisms for comparative genomic studies in eukaryotes because of their small and compact genomes and because they include a number of species such as ''Neurospora crassa'', ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and ''Schizosaccharomyces pombe'', that have been, and continue to be, used extensively in genetic s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethanol Fermentation
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is considered an anaerobic process. It also takes place in some species of fish (including goldfish and carp) where (along with lactic acid fermentation) it provides energy when oxygen is scarce. Ethanol fermentation is the basis for alcoholic beverages, ethanol fuel and bread dough rising. Biochemical process of fermentation of sucrose The chemical equations below summarize the fermentation of sucrose (C12H22O11) into ethanol (C2H5OH). Alcoholic fermentation converts one mole of glucose into two moles of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide, producing two moles of ATP in the process. :C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP Sucrose is a sugar composed of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermotolerance
Thermotolerance is the ability of an organism to survive high temperatures. An organism's natural tolerance of heat is their ''basal thermotolerance''. Meanwhile, ''acquired thermotolerance'' is defined as an enhanced level of thermotolerance after exposure to a heat stress. In plants Multiple factors contribute to thermotolerance including signaling molecules like abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and pathways like the ethylene signaling pathway and heat stress response pathway. The various heat stress response pathways enhance thermotolerance. The heat stress response in plants is mediated by heat shock transcription factors ( HSF) and is well conserved across eukaryotes. HSFs are essential in plants’ ability to both sense and respond to stress. The HSFs, which are divided into three families (A, B, and C), encode the expression of heat shock proteins ( HSP). Past studies have found that transcriptional activators HsfA1 and HsfB1 are the main positive regulators of heat stres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blastospore
A blastospore is an asexual reproductive spore produced by budding, commonly found in fungi within the division Glomeromycota. The word blastospore is derived from the Greek ('sprout', 'bud', or 'germ') and ('spore'). In ''Candida albicans'' '' Candida albicans'', a well-known example of a fungus that forms blastospores, is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. It typically resides harmlessly in the skin, mouth, and gut, but can cause infections when the immune system is compromised. This species is capable of producing both blastospores and pseudohyphae, allowing it to adapt to varying environmental conditions. The ability of ''C. albicans'' to form biofilms, particularly on medical devices, presents considerable challenges in clinical settings. Biofilms are structured communities of fungi, predominantly made up of blastospores and hyphae, which adhere to surfaces and demonstrate increased resistance to antifungal treatments compared to planktonic cells. The cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 μm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polysorbate 80
Polysorbate 80 is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier often used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. This synthetic compound is a viscous, water-soluble yellow liquid. Chemistry Polysorbate 80 is derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid. The hydrophilic groups in this compound are poly ethers also known as polyoxyethylene groups, which are polymers of ethylene oxide. In the nomenclature of polysorbates, the numeric designation following polysorbate refers to the lipophilic group, in this case, the oleic acid (see polysorbate for more detail). The full chemical names for polysorbate 80 are: *Polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate *(x)-sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) The critical micelle concentration of polysorbate 80 in pure water is reported as 0.012 mM. Other names E number: E433 Brand names: *Kolliphor PS 80 - Kolliphor is a registered trademark of BASF *Alkest TW 80 *Scattics *Canarcel *Poegasorb 80 *Montanox 80 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornmeal
Maize meal is a meal (coarse flour) ground from dried maize. It is a common staple food and is ground to coarse, medium, and fine consistencies, but it is not as fine as wheat flour can be.Herbst, Sharon, ''Food Lover's Companion'', Third Edition, Pg. 165, Barrons Educational Series Inc, 2001 In Mexico and Louisiana, very finely ground cornmeal is referred to as corn flour. When fine cornmeal is made from maize that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour), which is used for making arepas, tamales, and tortillas. Boiled cornmeal is called polenta in Italy and is also a traditional dish and bread substitute in Romania. Types There are various types of cornmeal: *''Blue cornmeal'' is light blue or violet in color. It is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. The cornmeal consists of dried corn kernels that have been ground into a fine or medium texture. *''Steel-gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pellicle (cooking)
A pellicle is a skin or coating of proteins or cellulose on the surface of meat (e.g. smoked salmon) or fermented beverages (e.g. Kombucha). Pellicles of protein that form prior to smoking meat (including fish and poultry) allow smoke to better adhere to the surface of the meat during the smoking process. Useful in all smoking applications and with any kind of animal protein, it is best used with fish where the flesh of a fish such as salmon forms a pellicle that will attract more smoke to adhere to it than would be the case if it had not been used. Pellicles of cellulose that form in fermenting beverages, such as SCOBYs, are biofilms that are produced as fermentation takes place. Pellicle formation on meat and seafood Before cured foods are cold smoked, they can be allowed to air-dry to form a tacky outer layer, known as a pellicle. The pellicle plays a role in producing better smoked products as it acts as a protective barrier for the food and also plays a role in enhanci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional Scaling (geometry), scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a Surface (mathematics), surface that may be defined as the zero set of a polynomial of degree two in three variables. Among quadric surfaces, an ellipsoid is characterized by either of the two following properties. Every planar Cross section (geometry), cross section is either an ellipse, or is empty, or is reduced to a single point (this explains the name, meaning "ellipse-like"). It is Bounded set, bounded, which means that it may be enclosed in a sufficiently large sphere. An ellipsoid has three pairwise perpendicular Rotational symmetry, axes of symmetry which intersect at a Central symmetry, center of symmetry, called the center of the ellipsoid. The line segments that are delimited on the axes of symmetry by the ellipsoid are called the ''principal ax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Chelate
Ferric EDTA is the coordination complex formed from ferric ions and EDTA. EDTA has a high affinity for ferric ions. It gives yellowish aqueous solutions. Synthesis and structure Solutions of Fe(III)-EDTA are produced by combining ferrous salts and aqueous solutions of EDTA and aerating them: :FeSO4∙7H2O + K2H2Y + 1/4 O2 → K eY(H2O)sup>.H2O + KHSO4 + 5.5 H2O Near neutral pH, the principal complex is e(EDTA)(H2O)sup>−, although most sources ignore the aquo ligand. The tetraanion EDTA4− wraps around the metal ion, binding through four carboxylates and two amines. The e(EDTA)(H2O)sup>− anion has been crystallized with many cations, e.g., the trihydrate Na e(EDTA)(H2O)sup>.2H2O. The salts as well as the solutions are yellow-brown. Provided the standard nutrient solution in which the e(EDTA)(H2O)sup>− complex will be used has a pH of at least 5.5, all the uncomplexed iron, as a result of incomplete synthesis reaction, will still change into the chelated ferr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
