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Kirkuk Massacre Of 1959
The 1959 Kirkuk massacre was a massacre of Iraqi Turkmen in Kirkuk, Iraq, which lasted from 14 July to 16 July 1959. The perpetrators were mostly Kurdish members of the Iraqi Communist Party, although many Arab members participated in the massacre as well. The massacre was a major event in Iraqi Turkmen history. The massacre was described as an ethnically motivated attack with no association to politics. Background Kirkuk, one of the major cities of Iraq, used to have two main communities before the 1970s: the Kurds and Turkmen. Both of them claimed the city, however unlike the Kurds and Arabs, the Turkmen did not take part in the ethnic-nationalists struggles, although they still tried to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity. According to the USA Army officer and historian Peter Mansoor, the Turkmen were "caught in the crossfire between the two large groups." The Kurds moved to Kirkuk to avoid the harsh economy in the countryside, increasing their number in Kirkuk due ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirkuk
Kirkuk (; ; ; ) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate. The city is home to a diverse population of Kurds, Iraqi Turkmen, Iraqi Turkmens and Arabs. Kirkuk sits on the ruins of the original Kirkuk Citadel which sits near the Khasa River. It is described by the Kurdish leader and former President of Iraq, Iraqi president Jalal Talabani as “the Jerusalem of Kurdistan”, while it is seen by the Turkmen activist Fatih Salah as the cultural and historical capital of Iraqi Turkmens. The Federal government of Iraq, government of Iraq states that Kirkuk represents a small version of Iraq due to its diverse population, and that the city is a model for coexistence in the country. Etymology The ancient name of Kirkuk was the Hurrians, Hurrian ''Arrapha'' During the Parthian Empire, Parthian era, a ''Korkura/Corcura'' () is mentioned by Ptolemy, which is believed to refer either to Kirkuk or to the site of Baba Gurgur from the city. Since the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hulegu Khan
Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulagu; ; ; ; ( 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. As a son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan. Hulegu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate in Persia. Under Hulegu's leadership, the Mongols sacked and destroyed Baghdad, ending the Islamic Golden Age and the Abbasid dynasty. They also weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo. Background Hulegu was born to Tolui, one of Genghis Khan's sons, and Sorghaghtani Beki, an influential Keraite princess and a niece of Toghrul in 1217. Not much is known of Hulegu's childhood except of an anecdote given in Jami' al-Tawarikh and he once met his grandfather Genghis Khan with Kublai in 1224. Military campaigns Hulegu's brother Möngke Khan ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkmen Martyrs' Day
Turkmen Martyrs' Day is an annual memorial day celebrated to commemorate the execution of Iraqi Turkmen intellectuals by Saddam Hussein's regime on January 16, 1980. Overview It is celebrated every year in the graves of the victims. Many Turkmen organizations as well as Atatürk's own Turkish Hearths have expressed condolences for the day. The intellectuals There were four people, all affiliated with each other, who were arrested by the Iraqi government and executed. Those people are: * Abdullah Abdurrahman, the first one to be killed, was born in 1915 in the Biryadi district of Kirkuk. He completed his primary, secondary and preparatory education in Kirkuk. In 1938, he graduated from the Military Academy with the rank of lieutenant. He founded the "Turkmen Brotherhood Club" in 1961, was elected the club's president in 1963, and gathered young Turkmen activists, including writers, intellectuals, scientists and businessmen, for their national role and struggle for Turkmeneli. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persecution Of Iraqi Turkmen In Ba'athist Iraq
The Persecution of Iraqi Turkmen in Ba'athist Iraq refers to the persecution of Iraqi Turkmen by the government Ba'athist Iraq, specifically under Saddam Hussein. History The 1957 Iraqi census was recognized as the last reliable census before the Arabization policies of the Ba'ath regime. It recorded 567,000 Turkmen out of a total population of 6.3 million. This put them third, behind Arabs and Kurds. Later censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, were all recognized as highly unreliable, due to suspicions of Arabization by the various regimes in Iraq.International Crisis Group (2008), ''Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?'', pp. 16, International Crisis Group, archived from the original on 12 January 2011 The 1997 census claimed that there was 600,000 Iraqi Turkmen, while the total Iraqi population was 22,017,983. The 1997 census only allowed citizens to choose Arab or Kurdish. As selecting Kurdish also made them targets, many Iraqi Turkmen selected Arab. Throu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ba'athist Arabization Campaigns In Northern Iraq
Between 1968 and 2003, the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of the Iraqi Republic perpetrated multiple campaigns of demographic engineering against the country's non-Arabs. While Arabs constitute the majority of Iraq's population as a whole, they are not the majority in all parts of northern Iraq. In an attempt to Arabize the north, the Iraqi government pursued a policy of ethnic cleansing, killing and forcefully displacing a large number of Iraqi minorities—predominantly Kurds, but also Turkmen, Yazidis, Assyrians, Shabaks and Armenians, among others—and subsequently allotting the cleared land to Arab settlers. In 1978 and 1979 alone, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq. As a part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, the campaigns represent a major chapter of the historical ethno-cultural friction between Arabs and Kurds in the Middle East. Rooted in the doctrines of Ba'athism, the Iraqi government polic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabization Of Kirkuk
The Arabization of Kirkuk ( also ''بەعەرەبکردنی کەرکووک'' or ''تەعریبی کەرکووک'', ) began in Ba'athist Iraq in the 1960s. In line with the wider Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq, the Iraqi government worked to alter the demographic composition of the Kirkuk Governorate by ethnically cleansing non-Arabs—mainly Kurds, but also Turkmen and Assyrians, among others—and replacing them with Arab settlers. This campaign peaked under the rule of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, who sought to ensure Arab control over northern Iraq (i.e., Iraqi Kurdistan), especially during the Iran–Iraq War. Although the Ba'ath Party was toppled by the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the issue of Arabization in non-Arab regions has persisted and caused tensions between the Iraqi government in Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region, as attested by the cancelled Kirkuk status referendum and the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, which triggered the 2017 I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tal Afar
Tal Afar (, ; ) is a city in the Nineveh Governorate of northwestern Iraq, located west of Mosul, east of Sinjargoogle maps, Tel Afar Retrieved 8 May 2015. and northwest of . Its local inhabitants are exclusively Turkmen. While no official census data exists, the city, which had previously been estimated to have a population of approximately 200,000, had dropped to 80,000 as of 2007. Tal Afar's population is about 55 percent |
Ba'athist Iraq
Ba'athist Iraq, officially the Iraqi Republic (1968–1992) and later the Republic of Iraq (1992–2003), was the Iraqi state between 1968 and 2003 under the one-party rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, Iraqi regional branch of the Ba'ath Party, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The regime emerged as a result of the 17 July Revolution which brought the Ba'athists to power, and lasted until the 2003 invasion of Iraq, U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. This period has been described as Iraq's longest period of internal stability since independence in 1932. The Ba'ath Party, led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, came to power in Iraq through the bloodless 17 July Revolution, 17 July 1968 Revolution, which overthrew president Abdul Rahman Arif and prime minister Tahir Yahya.''Saddam (name), Saddam'', pronounced , is his personal name, and means ''the stubborn one'' or ''he who confronts'' in Arabic. ''Hussein'' (Sometimes also transliterated as ''Hussayn'' or ''Hussain'') i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet Union, it dissolved in 1991. During its existence, it was the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country by area, extending across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and sharing Geography of the Soviet Union#Borders and neighbors, borders with twelve countries, and the List of countries and dependencies by population, third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, economy were Soviet-type economic planning, highly centralized. As a one-party state go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosul
Mosul ( ; , , ; ; ; ) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. It is the second largest city in Iraq overall after the capital Baghdad. Situated on the banks of Tigris, the city encloses the ruins of the ancient Old Assyrian Empire, Assyrian city of Nineveh—once the List of largest cities throughout history, largest city in the world—on its east side. Due to its strategic and central location, the city has traditionally served as one of the hubs of international commerce and travel in the region. It is considered as one of the historically and culturally significant cities of the Arab world. The North Mesopotamian dialect of Arabic commonly known as North Mesopotamian Arabic, ''Moslawi'' is named after Mosul, and is widely spoken in the region. Together, with the Nineveh Plains, Mosul is a historical center of the Assyrian people, Assyrians. The surrounding region is ethnically and religiously diverse; a large majority of the city is A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of the longest-running newspapers in the United States, the ''Times'' serves as one of the country's Newspaper of record, newspapers of record. , ''The New York Times'' had 9.13 million total and 8.83 million online subscribers, both by significant margins the List of newspapers in the United States, highest numbers for any newspaper in the United States; the total also included 296,330 print subscribers, making the ''Times'' the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States, following ''The Wall Street Journal'', also based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' is published by the New York Times Company; since 1896, the company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and the paper's publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Communities In The Former Ottoman Empire
The Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire refers to ethnic Turks, who are the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers from Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, living outside of the modern borders of the Republic of Turkey and in the independent states which were formerly part of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, they are not considered part of Turkey's modern diaspora, rather, due to living for centuries in their respective regions (and for centuries under Turkish rule), they are now considered "natives" or "locals" as they have been living in these countries prior to the independence and establishment of the modern-nation states. Today, whilst the Turkish people form a majority in the Republic of Turkey and Northern Cyprus, they also form one of the "Two Communities" in the Republic of Cyprus, as well as significant minorities in the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Levant, the Middle East and North Africa. Consequently, the Turkish ethnicity and/or language is officially recognised unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
