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Kidal Offensive
The Kidal offensive was an offensive by the Malian government and Wagner Group mercenaries against the rebel coalition Permanent Strategic Framework for Peace, Security, and Development (CSP-PSD) with the aim of capturing the rebel-held region of Kidal. The offensive was part of a renewed conflict between the Malian junta that took power in 2021 and former Tuareg rebel groups that had signed the Algiers Agreement in 2015, creating a ceasefire and de facto rebel control over the region. The offensive was also an attempt by Malian forces to seize control over MINUSMA camps in Kidal Region after the Malian junta had ordered the mission to leave the country by the end of 2023. Malian and allied troops captured the town of Tessalit and its MINUSMA base in late October after clashes with the CSP-PSD for control of the city and the evacuation of Chadian peacekeepers. The Malian and Wagner forces then captured the regional capital of Kidal in the Battle of Kidal on November 14, and Agu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kidal Region
Kidal Region ( Bambara: ߞߌߘߊߟ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Kidal Dineja) the eighth administrative region of Mali, covering . This area was formerly part of Gao Region, but was created as a separate region in 1991. It is located in the north of the country, within the territory which the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad proclaimed to be the independent nation-state of Azawad on 6 April 2012. This independence has not been recognized by any country or international organization. It was under the control of different armed movements such as the Ansar Dine and MNLA until January 2013, when French forces liberated the region. The Region's administrative capital is the town of Kidal. Geography The region is bordered on the west by Taoudénit Region, to the south by Gao Region and Ménaka Region, to the east by Niger and to the north by Algeria. Kidal has a desert climate with day-time temperatures that reach as high as 45 °C (113 °F). In 2009 the region had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jama'at Nasr Al-Islam Wal Muslimin
Jama'at Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin (, JNIM; , GSIM; ) is a Salafi jihadism, Salafi Jihadist organisation in the Maghreb and West Africa formed by the merger of Ansar Dine, Al-Mourabitoun (militant group), al-Mourabitoun and the Saharan branch of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (a militant wing of Al-Qaeda). Its leaders swore allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri. In the early 2020s, JNIM was reported to be the fastest-growing terrorist organization in the world. As of 2025, it is considered the most heavily armed militant group in the Sahel and one of the most powerful globally. The group operates a decentralized Quasi-state, proto-state model in areas under its control, enforcing a strict interpretation of Islamic law and collecting taxes. Its influence is presently expanding southward into coastal West African countries, including Benin and Togo. History ''Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin'' (JNIM) was formed as a coalition of Salafi jihadism, Salafi-jihadist groups operat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coordination Of Azawad Movements
The Coordination of Azawad Movements ( (CMA); ; ) is a large coalition of Tuareg independentist and Arab nationalist groups that formed in Mali during the Northern Mali conflict in 2014. Organization The CMA was founded on 28 October 2014 as an alliance of three separate rebel groups: The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), The High Council for the Unity of Azawad (HCUA), and a faction of the Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA) that is active in or around the Timbuktu Region Other rebel groups claim to belong to the CMA but are not recognized by its founding members: The (CMFPR), the Coalition of the People of Azawad (CPA), the Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MSA). CMA and its main member, MNLA, are mostly secular and arab nationalist political organizations that are seeking independence for Azawad within Mali. CMA includes fighters from various ethnic groups across the Sahara, like Tuareg arabs, Fulani arabs and Songhai arabs. CMA is described as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Kidal (2023)
The battle of Kidal took place between November 10 and 14, 2023, during the Kidal offensive in renewed conflict between the CSP-PSD and the Malian Armed Forces and allied Wagner Group mercenaries during the Mali War. The city of Kidal had been under rebel control since 2014, and the 2015 Algiers Agreement enacted a ceasefire and Kidal Region subsequently was de facto controlled by rebel groups. When Malian and Wagner forces captured the city on November 14, it marked the first time in nine years that all Malian regional capitals were fully under Malian government control. Background During the initial Tuareg rebellion of 2012 that began the Mali War, Kidal was a flashpoint of conflict between the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), the Malian government, and jihadist groups. The first seizure of the city was in March 2012 by Ansar Dine and AQIM jihadists. The jihadists abandoned the city in January 2013 in the wake of Operation Serval, and was captured by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MINUSMA
The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (, MINUSMA) was a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Mali. MINUSMA was established on 25 April 2013 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2100 to stabilise the country after the Tuareg rebellion of 2012, and was terminated over a decade later on 30 June 2023. Officially deployed on 1 July 2013, MINUSMA was the UN's deadliest peacekeeping mission. While UNIFIL, the mission in Lebanon, has lost more peacekeepers overall, by incident type the majority of those deaths at 135 are officially listed as "accidents." At 175 deaths by "malicious act," MINUSMA was officially the deadliest Peacekeeping mission of all time. During MINUSMA's existence, there were two further international peace operations in Mali. These were the European Union missions EUCAP Sahel Mali and EUTM Mali. History In 2012, Tuareg and other peoples in northern Mali's Azawad region started an insurgency in the north under th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algiers Accords (2015)
The Algiers Accords, officially referred to as the Accord for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, is a 2015 agreement to end the Mali War. The agreement was signed on May 15 and June 20, 2015, in Bamako, following negotiations in Algiers between the Republic of Mali and Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA). The agreement was eventually terminated by the Malian government on January 25, 2024, amid open conflict with the CMA that sprung from the withdrawal of MINUSMA peacekeepers and presence of Wagner Group forces. Background In 2012, Mali experienced a deep political and security crisis due to the insurgency in its northern regions. A military coup in Bamako and the rise of armed Tuareg groups, such as the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and jihadist elements, destabilised the region further. By 2013, the Malian government, supported by French forces under Operation Serval, as well as troops from Chad and other African nations, managed to recapture much of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 Malian Coup D'état
On the night of 24 May 2021, the Malian Army led by Vice President Assimi Goïta captured President Bah N'daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Minister of Defence Souleymane Doucouré. Assimi Goïta, the head of the junta that led the 2020 Malian coup d'état, announced that N'daw and Ouane were stripped of their powers and that new elections would be held in 2022. It is the country's third coup d'état in ten years, following the 2012 and 2020 military takeovers, with the latter having happened only nine months earlier. Background Nine months prior to the 2021 coup, in August 2020, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was removed from power by a group of military officers. This followed months of unrest in Mali following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections and outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader Soumaila Cissé. On 18 August 2020, members of the military led by Colonel Assimi Goïta and Colonel-Major Ismaël Wagué in Kati, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permanent Strategic Framework For Peace, Security, And Development
The Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad (; CSP-DPA) was a coalition of political and military movements in northern Mali that was formed on 6 May 2021, as an alliance of the Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA) and Platform. In September 2023, Platform left the CSP-PSD due to the CMA's war with the Malian government. In April 2024, the CSP-DPA was renamed from the Permanent Strategic Framework for Peace, Security, and Development (; CSP-PSD). History Throughout the 2010s, there were brief clashes between the CMA and Platform, so the two groups began talks in late 2020 on reconciling their differences over the Algiers Agreement of 2015. The CSP-PSD was created officially on 6 May 2021, after two days of discussion in Rome. Their first provisional president was Bilal Ag Acherif, leader of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), vice-president Fahad Ag Al-Mahmoud, and their spokesperson was Moussa Ag Acharatoumane. On 12 December 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iyad Ag Ghaly
Iyad Ag Ghaly (, sometimes romanised as Ag Ghali; born 1954), also known as Abū al-Faḍl (), is a Tuareg Islamist militant from Mali's Kidal Region. He has been active in Tuareg rebellions against the Malian government since the 1980s – particularly in the early 1990s. In 1988, he founded the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In the latest episode of the Tuareg upheavals in 2012, he featured as the founder and leader of the Islamist militant group Ansar Dine. Born in 1954 into a noble family of the Ifogha tribal group (an influential Tuareg clan in the Kidal region), his gift for strategic thinking allegedly earned him the nickname, ''the Strategist''. In 2008, he was appointed as one of Mali's diplomats to Saudi Arabia. Although he would eventually distance himself from music, Ag Ghaly was formerly a musician associated with the group Tinariwen. Battles and wars Role in 1990 rebellion On the night of 28 June 1990, Ag Ghaly directed attacks by the Popula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hassan Ag Fagaga
Hassan Ag Fagaga, born around 1959 or 1966, in Kidal, Mali, was a Malian soldier and a Tuareg rebel. Biography Hassan Ag Fagaga was an Ifoghas Tuareg from the Ifergoumissen tribe. He completed his military training in Libya and Syria, and participated in the Lebanese Civil War, fighting in the Siege of Beirut. Fagaga participated in the Tuareg rebellion of 1990–1995, first fighting in the MPLA in 1991, then fighting in the Popular Movement for Azawad under Iyad Ag Ghaly. In 1996, after the peace agreements, he was instated into the Malian army with the rank of commander. He led the Tuareg rebellion of 2006 in March with Ghaly and Ibrahim Ag Bahanga. Fagaga launched a raid on Kidal and Ménaka on May 22 and 23, 2006. During the Tuareg rebellion of 2006, Fagaga led another rebellion with Ghaly and Ibrahim Ag Bahanga. On May 23, 2006, he launched a raid against Kidal. Following the end of the 2006 rebellion, Fagaga rejoined the Malian army for a short time. Fagaga joined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fahad Ag Almahmoud
Fahad Ag Almahmoud (died 1 December 2024) was a Malian Imghad Tuareg militant who served as the secretary-general of GATIA from its formation in 2014 until 2023, when he split from the group and formed his own faction of GATIA. Biography Almahmoud first began serving in GATIA at the start of the group's foundation in 2014, where he became the secretary-general of the group. Almahmoud was an Imghad Tuareg, the Tuareg clan that predominantly composes GATIA. He often served as the spokesperson for the group as well, conducting numerous interviews with Malian and international media. In 2019, Almahmoud stated that he believed that the Algiers Accords (2015), Algiers Agreement did not resolve insecurity in northern Mali, and that there was no governance coming from the Malian government. Almahmoud also stated he didn't believe in Azawadian independence. Between March and August 2022, Almahmoud served as the president of the CSP-PSD, a coalition composed of pro-government and forme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Ag Najem
Mohamed Ag Najem (alias ''Ag Mohamed Najem'', alternatively spelled ''Mahamed Ag Najim'') is an Azawadi colonel, who is the chief of staff of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) army. Biography He is thought to be born at the end of the 1950s in the Adrar des Ifoghas massif. His father of the Kel Adagh tribe was killed by the Malian army in the 1963 Tuareg rebellion at a time where he was a young child. At 20 years old he was recruited as a volunteer in the Libyan army under Gaddafi. He served in Libya and in Chad before returning to Mali to take part in the 1990 Tuareg rebellion led by Iyad Ag Ghaly. He then returned to Libya, rejecting the peace agreement signed between the Malian government and the Tuareg rebels. He became a colonel in the Libyan army and was put in charge of an elite unit in the city of Sabha. The civil war in Libya prompted his return to his homeland. At the end of 2011, he federated his former fellow Libyan soldiers, three local ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
