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Khatabala
''Khatabala'' (; ) was a twelve-page Armenian satirical periodical published in Tiflis (Tbilisi) from 1906 to 1916 and again in 1922 and 1925–26 in the Armenian and occasionally Russian and Georgian languages. It was founded by Astvatsatur Yeritsyan (1872–?), who edited the periodical along with Ashot Atanasyan (1870–1941). The name of ''Khatabala'' comes from a popular word used by Armenians, Georgians, Azerbaijanis and Persians meaning misfortune, setback, or troubles, ultimately derived from the Arabic words 'error' and 'trouble, tribulation'. History Astvatsatur (Bagrat) Yeritsyan was a publicist and satirist. He was originally from Tsgnet (Tskneti in Georgian). He received his primary education at the Nersisian School in Tiflis, then studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, but dropped out and returned to Tiflis. Here, in 1906, he firstly published the Russian-language magazines ''Zhgut'' (only one issue was published) and ''Svistok'' (only two issues were publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oskar Schmerling
Oskar or Oscar Schmerling (; , Stavropol, 1867 – Tiflis, 1938) was a Russian and Georgian illustrator of ethnic German background. Early life Oskar Schmerling was born into a Lutheran German family in the North Caucasian city of Stavropol on . His family came to the Russian Empire on the wave of German emigration at the beginning of the 19th century. His father, Ivan, was a lieutenant colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. His mother Matilda was the sister of the architect Albert Salzmann, who designed a number of buildings in Tiflis, including the building of the Tbilisi Art Gallery. Growing up with his uncle, he studied in Tiflis Real School. Education According to Schmerling's own autobiography, his academic results weren't good and he tried to publish a periodical named ''Mosquito'' () unsuccessfully in 1880–1881. He later started drawing caricatures for Ivan Petroev's magazine ''Scorpion'' (). After quitting his job, he went on to study at Faculty of Graphic Art of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josef Rotter
Josef Rotter (fl. 1902–14) was a teacher, illustrator, and editorial cartoonist of German or Austrian origin, most noted for his contribution to the '' Molla Nasreddin'' magazine. Early life and education Rotter's date and place of birth are not known. The best, yet far from precise, indication regarding his birthdate is a 1902 group photo at one of Rotter's workplaces, showing a man in his thirties to fifties with an obvious resemblance to a caricature portrait of Rotter in the ''Jalil Mammadguluzadeh Encyclopedia''. Rotter has been variously described as German, German-born, ethnic German, and Austrian, without German necessarily referring to the German Empire, and with the term Austrian applied to Rotter in a meticulous, largely ethnographic work by . Rotter is said to have studied at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, but his name does not appear in the institution's 1809–1935 student matriculation books. 1902–14 Career In 1902 Rotter accepted an invitation to teach a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atrpet
Sargis Mubayeajian (; January 31, 1860 – May 27, 1937), better known by his pen name Atrpet (''Adrbed'' in Western Armenian, ), was a prolific and multifarious Armenian writer. Biography Having been educated in Kars and Constantinople, he lived mostly in Transcaucasia, wandering from one city to another (Alexandropol, Tiflis, Akhalkalaki, Baku, etc.) and in Tabriz. In the mid-1890s he was incarcerated by the Russian government for his political activities in the ranks of the Hunchak Party. Atrpet toured Europe in 1905–06, and spent the rest of his life in Alexandrapol (Leninakan, now Gyumri, Armenia). Many of his works are still scattered in Armenian periodicals. Atrpet was also known for his articles on Armenian history and numismatics. Atrpet is mostly recognized as the author of the popular novel A novel is an extended work of narrative fiction usually written in prose and published as a book. The word derives from the for 'new', 'news', or 'short story ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (; , ), Azeris (, ), or Azerbaijani Turks (, ) are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan. They are predominantly Shia Islam, Shia Muslims. They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring Iran and Georgia (country), Georgia. They speak the Azerbaijani language, belonging to the Oghuz languages, Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. Following the Russo-Persian Wars of Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), 1813 and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), 1828, the territories of Qajar Iran in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the Treaty of Gulistan, treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Treaty of Turkmenchay, Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia and Iran. After more than 80 years of being under the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the Azerbaijan Democratic Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molla Nasraddin (magazine)
''Molla Nasraddin'' (, ; , old orthography: ) was an eight-page Azerbaijani satirical periodical published in Tiflis (1906–17), Tabriz (in 1921) and Baku (1922–33). From the second issue of 1931, the magazine was called ''Allahsyz'' (; ; meaning "Godless") in the Azerbaijani and occasionally Russian languages. The magazine was "read across the Muslim world from Morocco to East Asia". It was founded by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (1869–1932) and Omar Faig Nemanzadeh (1872–1937), and named after Nasreddin, the legendary Sufi wise man-cum-fool of the Middle Ages."New-York Books: When Satire Conquered Iran" nybooks.com, 18 September 2012. Columnists wrote articles that "boldly satirized politics, religion, colonialism, Westernization, and modernization, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decolonization
Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby Imperialism, imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on Separatism, independence movements in the Colony, colonies and the collapse of global colonial empires. As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from their respective Metropole, metropoles, decolonization began in 1775 in American Revolution, North America. Major waves of decolonization occurred in the aftermath of the First World War and most prominently after the Second World War. Critical scholars extend the meaning beyond independence or equal rights for colonized peoples to include broader economic, cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience. Extending the meaning of decolonization beyond political independence has been disputed and received criticis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkans, Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg), Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro and Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only East Thrace, Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against the other four combatants of the first war. It also faced an attack from Kingdom of Romania, Romania from the north. The Ottoman Empire lost the bulk of its territory in Europe. Although not involved as a combatant, Austria-Hungary became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavs, Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the July Crisis, July crisis of 1914 and as a prelude to the First World War. By the early 20th century, Bul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnic Groups In The Caucasus
The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus. By language group Language families indigenous to the Caucasus Caucasians who speak languages which have long been indigenous to the region are generally classified into three groups: Kartvelian peoples, Northeast Caucasian peoples and Northwest Caucasian peoples. Kartvelian languages * Georgians ** Dvals ** Ingiloys ** Zans *** Lazs *** Mingrelians ** Svans Northeast Caucasian languages * Avar–Andic peoples: ** Andis ** Akhvakhs ** Avars ** Bagvalals ** Botlikhs ** Chamalals ** Godoberis ** Karatas ** Tindis * Dargins ** Dargwa ** Kaitags ** Kubachins ** Itsari ** Chirag * Khinalugs * Laks * Lezgic peoples: ** Aguls ** Archin ** Budukhs ** Jeks ** Kryts ** Lezgins ** Rutuls ** Tabasarans ** Tsakhurs ** Udis * Nakh peoples: ** Arshtins ** Bats ** Chechens *** Kists ** Ingush * Tsezic (Didoic) peoples: ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenians In The Ottoman Empire
Armenians were a significant minority in the Ottoman Empire. They belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church, or the Armenian Protestant Church, each church serving as the basis of a millet. They played a crucial role in Ottoman industry and commerce, and Armenian communities existed in almost every major city of the empire. The majority of the Armenian population made up a reaya, or peasant class, in Western Armenia. Since the latter half the 19th century, the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire sought more autonomy and protection in what was part of the Armenian Question. Armenians were persecuted by Ottoman authorities and their Kemalist successors, especially from the latter half of the 19th century, culminating in the Armenian Genocide. Background In the Byzantine Empire, the Armenian Church was not allowed to operate in Constantinople (Istanbul), because the Greek Orthodox Church regarded the Armenian Church as heretical. The Ott ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense that is undertaken by a person or an organization that is entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's gain. Corruption may involve activities like bribery, influence peddling, and embezzlement, as well as practices that are legal in many countries, such as lobbying. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Historically, "corruption" had a broader meaning concerned with an activity's impact on morals and societal well-being: for example, the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates was condemned to death in part for "corrupting the young". Contemporary corruption is perceived as most common in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco-states, Authoritarianism, authoritarian states, and mafia states, however, more recent research and policy statements acknowledge that it also exists in wealthy capitalist e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cultural Assimilation
Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's Dominant culture, majority group or fully adopts the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group. The melting pot model is based on this concept. A related term is cultural integration, which describes the process of becoming economically and socially integrated into another society while retaining elements of one’s original culture. This approach is also known as cultural pluralism, and it forms the basis of a cultural mosaic model that upholds the preservation of cultural rights. Another closely related concept is acculturation, which occurs through cultural diffusion and involves changes in the cultural patterns of one or both groups, while still maintaining distinct characteristics. There are various types of cultural assimilation, including full assimilation and forced assimilation. Full assimilation is common, as it occurs spontaneously. Assimilation can also invol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Inequality
Social inequality occurs when resources within a society are distributed unevenly, often as a result of inequitable allocation practices that create distinct unequal patterns based on socially defined categories of people. Differences in accessing social goods within society are influenced by factors like power, religion, kinship, prestige, race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, intelligence and class. Social inequality usually implies the lack of equality of outcome, but may alternatively be conceptualized as a lack of equality in access to opportunity. Social inequality is linked to economic inequality, usually described as the basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth. Although the disciplines of economics and sociology generally use different theoretical approaches to examine and explain economic inequality, both fields are actively involved in researching this inequality. However, social and natural resources other than purely economic resource ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
