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Ketopantoate
Ketopantoic acid is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2H. At physiological conditions, ketopantoic acid exists as its conjugate base, ketopantoate (HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2−). Biosynthetic context Its biosynthesis proceeds from ketoisovalerate by hydroxymethylation: :(CH3)2CHC(O)CO2− + CH2O → HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2− This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, which gives ketopantoate. Ketopantoate is substrate for 2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase, which produces pantoate, a precursor to pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of prote ..., a common prosthetic group.{{cite book , doi=10.1016/S0083-6729(01)61005-7, chapter=The Biosynthesis of Coenzyme a in Bacteria, title=Cofactor Biosynthesis, series=Vitamins & Hormo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantoate
Pantoic acid is the alpha hydroxy acid with the formula HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO2H. The compound is almost always encountered in a biological context, as an aqueous solution of its conjugate base pantoate HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO2-. The amide of pantoic acid with β-alanine is pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), a component of coenzyme A. Biosynthesis Its biosynthesis proceeds from ketoisovalerate by hydroxymethylation: :(CH3)2CHC(O)CO2− + CH2O → HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2− This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, which gives ketopantoate. Ketopantoate is reduced by ketopantoate reductase to pantoate, using NADH as the hydride source. The amide derived from pantoic acid and GABA is the pharmaceutical drug hopantenic acid Hopantenic acid (homopantothenic acid), also known as N-pantoyl-GABA, is a central nervous system depressant. Formulated as the calcium salt (chemistry), salt, it is used as a pharmaceutical drug in the Russian Federation for a variety o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase
In enzymology, a 2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :(R)-pantoate + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons 2-dehydropantoate + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-pantoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-dehydropantoate, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-pantoate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-oxopantoate reductase, 2-ketopantoate reductase, 2-ketopantoic acid reductase, ketopantoate reductase, and ketopantoic acid reductase. This enzyme participates in pantothenate and coa biosynthesis. Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 structures A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pantothenic acid is the combination of pantoic acid and beta-Alanine, β-alanine. Its name comes from the Greek language, Greek ''pantothen'', meaning "from everywhere", because pantothenic acid, at least in small amounts, is in almost all foods. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is very rare in humans. In dietary supplements and animal feed, the form commonly used is calcium pantothenate, because chemically it is more stable, and hence makes for longer product shelf-life, than sodium pantothenate and free pantothenic acid. Definition Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins. It is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid (see #Biosynthesis, biosynthesis and structu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane ) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered inorganic, such as certain compounds of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen (e.g. cyanide ion , hydrogen cyanide , chloroformic acid , carbon dioxide , and carbonate ion ). Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, and even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physiological Condition
Physiological condition or, more often "physiological conditions" is a term used in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. It refers to conditions of the external or internal milieu that may occur in nature for that organism or cell system, in contrast to artificial laboratory conditions. A temperature range of 20-40 degrees Celsius, atmospheric pressure of 1, pH of 6-8, glucose concentration of 1-20 mM, atmospheric oxygen concentration, earth gravity and electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ... are examples of physiological conditions for most earth organisms. References Physiology {{biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conjugate Base
A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid gives a proton () to a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as it loses a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction. On the other hand, a conjugate base is what remains after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a substance formed by the removal of a proton from an acid, as it can gain a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction. Because some acids can give multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic. In summary, this can be represented as the following chemical reaction: \text + \text \; \ce \; \text + \text Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry introduced the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which said that any compound that can give a proton to another compound is an acid, and the compound that receives the proton is a base. A proton is a subatomic particle in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxymethylation
Hydroxymethylation is a chemical reaction that installs the CH2OH group. The transformation can be implemented in many ways and applies to both industrial and biochemical processes. Hydroxymethylation with formaldehyde A common method for hydroxymethylation involves the reaction of formaldehyde with active C-H and N-H bonds: :R3C-H + CH2O → R3C-CH2OH :R2N-H + CH2O → R2N-CH2OH A typical active C-H bond is provided by a terminal acetylene or the alpha protons of an aldehyde. In industry, hydroxymethylation of acetaldehyde with formaldehyde is used in the production of pentaerythritol: P-H bonds are also prone to reaction with formaldehyde. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride ( (CH2OH)4l) is produced in this way from phosphine (PH3). Hydroxymethylation in demethylation 5-Methylcytosine is a common epigenetic marker. The methyl group is modified by oxidation of the methyl group in a process called hydroxymethylation: :RCH3 + O → RCH2OH This oxidation i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
