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Karabakh Movement
The Karabakh movement (), also known as the Artsakh movement (), was a national mass movement in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to 1991 that advocated for the transfer of the mainly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of neighboring Azerbaijan to the jurisdiction of Armenia. Initially, the movement was entirely devoid of any anti-Soviet sentiment and did not call for independence of Armenia. The Karabakh Committee, a group of intellectuals, led the movement from 1988 to 1989. It transformed into the Pan-Armenian National Movement (HHSh) by 1989 and won majority in the 1990 parliamentary election. In 1991, both Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh declared independence from the Soviet Union. The intense fighting known as the first Nagorno-Karabakh War turned into a full-scale war by 1992. Background 1987 *September: the Union for National Self-Determination, the first non-Communist party, established in Armenia by Paruyr Hayrikyan *October 17: the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts. Throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast were heavily discriminated against. The Soviet Azerbaijani authorities worked to suppress Armenian culture and identity in Nagorno-Karabakh, pressured Armenians to leave the region and encouraged Azerbaijanis to settle within it, although Armenians remained the majority population. During the ''glasnost'' period, a 1988 Nagorno-Karabak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levon Ter-Petrosyan
Levon Hakobi Ter-Petrosyan (; born 9 January 1946), also known by his initials LTP, is an Armenian politician and historian who served as the first president of Armenia from 1991 until his resignation in 1998. A senior researcher at the Matenadaran, he led the Karabakh movement for the unification of the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia which began in 1988. After Armenia's declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in September 1991, Ter-Petrosyan was elected president in October 1991 with overwhelming public support. He led the country through the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. He was reelected in the 1996 presidential election, which was marred by accusations of electoral fraud, sparking mass protests led by runner-up Vazgen Manukyan. The mass rallies were suppressed by military force. Due to disagreements with key members of his government over a peace proposal for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, especially Defence Minister ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Radio Of Armenia
Public Radio of Armenia (; Djsy Armradio) is a public radio broadcaster in Armenia. It was established in 1926 and remains one of the largest broadcasters in the country, with at least three national networks. The agency also has the country's largest sound archives and four orchestras, and it participates in cultural preservation programs. Early years On September 1, 1926, the first experimental radio programme (25 minutes duration) called "Voice of Yerevan" was transmitted in Armenia. The first test programmes were mainly folk music programmes regularly interrupted by local news, putting into operation the first radio station in Armenia. This created new wide-range perspectives for moving the amateur radio movement forward, and planned development of radio and wired broadcasting networks. The creation of radio station made it possible to use radio broadcasting as one of the most efficient mass media for informing and educating the population. That is why radio programs were expe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artsakh Movement 2013 Post Stamp
Artsakh may refer to: Places * Artsakh (historical province), in the ancient Kingdom of Armenia * Kingdom of Artsakh, a medieval Armenian Kingdom * Nagorno-Karabakh, region in the South Caucasus, also known as Artsakh * Republic of Artsakh, a breakaway state in the South Caucasus which existed from 1991 to 2023 Other uses * "Artsakh" (song), a 1999 instrumental folk song by Armenian composer Ara Gevorgyan * "Artsakh", a single by Armenian American composer and singer Serj Tankian See also * * Arsak (other) Arsak may refer to: *alternative transliteration of Artsakh, see Artsakh (other) * Ashk (given name), an ancient male given name * Arshak, an Armenian given name *Arsaces Arsaces or Arsakes (, , Graecized form of Old Persian ) is the epo ... * Karabakh (other) {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Nonviolent Action Database
George Russell Lakey (born November 2, 1937) is an activist, sociologist, and writer who added academic underpinning to the concept of nonviolent revolution. He also refined the practice of experiential training for activists which he calls "Direct Education". A Quaker, he has co-founded and led numerous organizations and campaigns for justice and peace. Early life and education Lakey was born to Dora M. and Russell George Lakey, a slate miner, in Bangor, Pennsylvania. He was identified as a prospective child preacher for his church, and at age 12, he gave a sermon promoting racial equality as the will of God, although his sermon was not well received at the time. He graduated from Cheyney University in Cheyney, Pennsylvania, and also studied at the University of Oslo in Norway, where he married Berit Mathiesen in 1960 and taught at an Oslo high school. He continued his sociology studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Career Activism In the late 1950s, Lake ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of the longest-running newspapers in the United States, the ''Times'' serves as one of the country's Newspaper of record, newspapers of record. , ''The New York Times'' had 9.13 million total and 8.83 million online subscribers, both by significant margins the List of newspapers in the United States, highest numbers for any newspaper in the United States; the total also included 296,330 print subscribers, making the ''Times'' the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States, following ''The Wall Street Journal'', also based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' is published by the New York Times Company; since 1896, the company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and the paper's publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Daily News (Kentucky)
The ''Daily News'' is a daily-except-Saturday newspaper based in Bowling Green, Kentucky. It is published Sunday mornings and Monday through Friday evenings. History The current newspaper can trace its roots to the ''Bowling Green Democrat'' founded in 1854. A rival paper, ''The Daily Times'', was founded by John B. Gaines in 1882 and the newspapers eventually merged into the predecessor to the ''Park City Daily News''; now named the ''Daily News''. The newspaper was still owned by members of the Gaines family until its sale in 2022. When the paper was called the ''Park City Daily News'', the name was chosen due to a nickname for Bowling Green taken from an 1892 speech by Henry Watterson. Watterson, there to commemorate Fountain Square Park as the city's first park, opined that Bowling Green might come to be known as the "beautiful park city." Local businesses widely adopted the nickname until the town of Glasgow Junction, about north, changed its name to Park City, Kentucky, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayaz Mutallibov
Ayaz Niyazi oghlu Mutallibov (12 May 1938 – 27 March 2022) was an Azerbaijani politician who served as the first president of Azerbaijan. He was the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, and first President of Azerbaijan from 18 May 1990 until 6 March 1992 and from 14 May until 18 May 1992. He rose through the ranks of the Azerbaijan Communist Party during Soviet Azerbaijan before becoming leader of the party in 1990. Later that year, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR elected Mutallibov as the first President of Azerbaijan SSR. In September 1991, amid the collapse of the Soviet Union and independence of Azerbaijan, Mutallibov declared himself President of Azerbaijan in an uncontested election. He was ousted from power in May 1992 when he tried to cancel the forthcoming presidential election. Early life and career Mutallibov was born on 12 May 1938, in Baku to the family of a physician and later World War II veteran, Niyazi Ashraf oghlu Mutallibov (), and gynaecologist Kubra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdurrahman Vazirov
Abdurrahman Vazirov Khalil oglu (; 26 May 1930 – 10 January 2022) was the 13th First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party and the leader of the Azerbaijan SSR from 1988 till January 1990. Vazirov was appointed by Kremlin to lead Soviet Azerbaijan in May 1988, amidst the heating of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Vazirov replaced Kamran Baghirov, whose dismissal came along with similar dismissal of Karen Demirchyan and appointment of Suren Harutyunyan as the leader of the Armenian SSR. He was a Soviet diplomat, who served in India, Nepal and Pakistan. He had been out of the Azerbaijan SSR for over a decade and therefore was untainted by the corruption. He was neither a typical political boss nor a local nationalist; he could not even speak fluent Azerbaijani,Robert V. Barylski. "The Russian Federation and Eurasia's Islamic Crescent", ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 46, No. 3. (1994), p. 397 despite being born in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. Vazirov shared M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamran Baghirov
Kamran Baghirov Mammad oglu (; 24 January 1933 – 25 October 2000), was the 12th First Secretary of Azerbaijan Communist Party. Biography From 3 December 1982, through 21 May 1988, Baghirov served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR. After start and escalation of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, he was replaced by Abdurrahman Vazirov. Baghirov is often blamed for deterioration of the economy of Azerbaijan which was boosted when his predecessor Heydar Aliyev was in office. He was also blamed for widespread corruption. From February 1988 when the conflict around Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) started, until his removal from office, Baghirov has been considered as an inactive leader who allowed exodus of ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, and inability to prevent the escalation of the conflict. Baghirov was bashed for his passiveness in allowing the NKAO's party leader, Boris Kevorkov to be replace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the president of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Privolnoye, North Caucasus Krai, to a poor peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage. Growing up under the rule of Joseph Stalin, in his youth he operated combine harvesters on a Collective farming, collective farm before joining the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Igor Muradyan
Igor Muradyan (; 29 April 1957 – 17 June 2018) was an Armenians, Armenian political activist and political scientist. He was one of the earliest leaders of the Karabakh movement, along with Zori Balayan, Silva Kaputikyan and Viktor Hambardzumyan. Born in Odessa, Muradyan grew up in Baku, where many Armenians in Baku, Armenians lived during the Soviet period. He finished the Plekhanov Institute of National Economy in Moscow. According to Thomas de Waal, "Muradian was a Soviet insider. He worked as an economist in the state planning agency Gosplan in Yerevan and had good connections among Party cadres." Muradyan was later critical of the Nagorno-Karabakh authorities, calling the unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh Republic "a failed experiment" and criticising its authorities for not being able to come up with a clear strategy for its existence and arguing for Nagorno-Karabakh's incorporation into Armenia. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
