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Kamil (metre)
''Kāmil'' ( "perfect") is the second commonest metre (after the '' ṭawīl'') used in pre-Islamic and classical Arabic poetry.Golston, Chris & Riad, Tomas (1997)"The Phonology of classical Arabic meter" ''Linguistics'' 35 (1997), 111-132; p. 120. The usual form of the metre is as follows (where "–" represents a long syllable, "u" a short syllable, and "uu" one long or two shorts): :, uu – u – , uu – u – , uu – u – , The mnemonic words (''tafāʿīl'') used by Arab prosodists to describe this metre are: ' (). The ''kāmil'' resembles the ''wāfir'' metre in that it makes use of ''biceps'' elements (that is, places in the verse where two short syllables can be replaced by one long one). In Arabic poetry The ''kāmil'' metre has been used for Arabic poetry since early times and accounts for about 18%-20% of the poems in early collections. Two of the famous seven pre-Islamic Mu‘allaqāt poems (the 4th and 6th) are written in the ''kāmil'' metre. One of these is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meter (poetry)
In poetry, metre ( Commonwealth spelling) or meter ( American spelling; see spelling differences) is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order. The study and the actual use of metres and forms of versification are both known as prosody. (Within linguistics, " prosody" is used in a more general sense that includes not only poetic metre but also the rhythmic aspects of prose, whether formal or informal, that vary from language to language, and sometimes between poetic traditions.) Characteristics An assortment of features can be identified when classifying poetry and its metre. Qualitative versus quantitative metre The metre of most poetry of the Western world and elsewhere is based on patterns of syllables of particular types. The familiar type of metre in English-language poetry is called qualitative metre, with stressed syllables comi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghazal
''Ghazal'' is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry that often deals with topics of spiritual and romantic love. It may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss, or separation from the beloved, and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. It spread into the Indian subcontinent in the 12th century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Ghurid Sultanate, Islamic Sultanate, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many languages of South Asia and Languages of Turkey, Turkey. A poem of ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, ghazal has proved capable of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poetic Rhythm
In poetry Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ..., metre (British English, Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American English, American spelling; see American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, spelling differences) is the basic rhythm, rhythmic structure of a verse (poetry), verse or Line (poetry), lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order. The study and the actual use of metres and forms of versification are both known as prosody. (Within linguistics, "Prosody (linguistics), prosody" is used in a more general sense that includes not only poetic metre but also the rhythmic aspects of prose, whether formal or informal, that vary from language to language, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Poetry
Arabic poetry ( ''ash-shi‘r al-‘arabīyy'') is one of the earliest forms of Arabic literature. Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry contains the bulk of the oldest poetic material in Arabic, but Old Arabic inscriptions reveal the art of poetry existed in Arabic writing in material as early as the 1st century BCE, with oral poetry likely being much older still. Arabic poetry is categorized into two main types, rhymed or measured, and prose, with the former greatly preceding the latter. The rhymed poetry falls within fifteen different meters collected and explained by al-Farahidi in ''The Science of ‘ Arud''. Al-Akhfash, a student of al-Farahidi, later added one more meter to make them sixteen. The meters of the rhythmical poetry are known in Arabic as "seas" (''buḥūr''). The measuring unit of seas is known as "''taf‘īlah''," and every sea contains a certain number of taf'ilas which the poet has to observe in every verse ('' bayt'') of the poem. The measuring procedure of a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Prosody
(, ) or () is the study of poetic meters, which identifies the meter of a poem and determines whether the meter is sound or broken in lines of the poem. It is often called the ''Science of Poetry'' (, ). Its laws were laid down by Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī (d. 786), an early Arab lexicographer and philologist. In his book (), which is no longer extant, he described 15 types of meter. Later Al-Akhfash al-Akbar described a 16th meter, the . Following al-Khalil, the Arab prosodists scan poetry not in terms of syllables but in terms of vowelled and unvowelled letters, which were combined into larger units known as or "peg" (pl. ) and "cord" (pl. ). These larger units make up feet (, pl. ). Western prosodists, on the other hand, usually analyse the meters in terms of syllables, which can be long (–), short (u) and ''anceps'' (x), that is, a syllable which can be optionally long or short. Certain meters also have ''biceps'' positions where a pair of short syllable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city has a population of approximately 2,220,000, making it the third-most populous city in Iran, after Tehran and Mashhad, and the second-largest metropolitan area. Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the Safavid Iran, Safavid Empire, Isfahan became the capital of Iran, for the second time in its history, under Abbas the Great. It is known for its Persian architecture, Persian–Islamic architecture, Muslim architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaharbagh, Isfahan
Chahar Bagh Boulevard (, translation: ''Four Gardens'') is a historical avenue in Isfahan constructed during the Safavid era. This historic street is very similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris. Therefore, some visitors have called it the Champs-Élysées of Isfahan. The avenue, historically, is the most famous in all of Iran. It connects Isfahan's northern parts to the southern sections and is about 6 kilometers long. On the east side of this street, there are the Hasht Behesht and Chehel Sotoun gardens. Origin of name The avenue was named "Chahar Bagh" because Shah Abbas the Great had bought four vineyards in the city to secure the right-of-way. History Shah Abbas I was the shah who changed his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan and decided to concentrate the country's artistic wealth into that central spot which has been dubbed for centuries "Nesf-e Jahan" or "Half the World". The chief architect of this task of urban planning was Shaykh Bahai (Baha' ad-Din al-'Amili), who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Metres
Persian metres are the patterns of long and short syllables, 10 to 16 syllables long, used in Persian poetry. Over the past 1000 years the Persian language has enjoyed a rich literature, especially of poetry. Until the advent of free verse in the 20th century, this poetry was always quantitative—that is the lines were composed in various patterns of long and short syllables. The different patterns are known as metres (US: meters). A knowledge of metre is essential for someone to correctly recite Persian poetry—and also often, since short vowels are not written in Persian script, to convey the correct meaning in cases of ambiguity. It is also helpful for those who memorize the verse. Metres in Persian have traditionally been analyzed in terms of Arabic metres, from which they were supposed to have been adapted. However, in recent years it has been recognized that for the most part Persian metres developed independently from those in Arabic, and there has been a movement to anal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrameter
In poetry, a tetrameter is a line of four metrical feet. However, the particular foot can vary, as follows: * '' Anapestic tetrameter:'' ** "And the ''sheen'' of their ''spears'' was like ''stars'' on the ''sea''" (Lord Byron, " The Destruction of Sennacherib") ** "Twas the ''night'' before ''Christ''mas when ''all'' through the ''house''" (" A Visit from St. Nicholas") ** "And since ''birth'' I've been ''cursed'' with this ''curse'' to just ''curse'' / And just ''blurt'' this ber''serk'' and biz''arre'' shit that ''works''" (Eminem, " The Way I Am") * ''Iambic tetrameter:'' ** "Be''cause'' I ''could'' not ''stop'' for ''Death''" ( Emily Dickinson, eponymous lyric) * '' Trochaic tetrameter:'' ** "''Pet''er, ''Pet''er, ''pump''kin-''eat''er" ( English nursery rhyme) * '' Dactylic tetrameter:'' ** ''Pic''ture your ''self'' in a ''boat'' on a ''riv''er with ..(The Beatles, " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds") * '' Spondaic tetrameter:'' ** ''Long sounds move slow'' * '' Pyrrhic tetra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatef Esfahani
Hatef Esfahani () was an 18th-century poet based in Isfahan during the collapse of the Safavid dynasty of Iran and the chaos that followed. He was one of the earliest and leading members of the literary movement '' Bazgasht-e adabi'', which advocated for a return to the fundamentals of classical Persian poetry in protest against the excessively "unnatural" nature of the Indian style that dominated poetry in Iran and Persian-speaking India. Hatef was born during the first half of the 18th-century in Isfahan, where he lived most of his life. His family had relocated there from Ordubad during the Safavid era. He was educated in traditional sciences by Naser Talib (died 1777) and literary arts by Mir Sayyed Ali Moshtaq (died 1757/58). In Isfahan, Mir Sayyed Ali Moshtaq established a literary group (later known as ''Anjuman-i Adabī-yi Moshtāq'', "Moshtaq’s literary society") with other prominent academics, including Hatef, Sabahi Bigdeli, Tabib Esfahani, Asheq Esfahani, and Azar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tawil
''Ṭawīl'' (, literally 'long'), or ''al-Ṭawīl'' (), is a Meter (poetry), meter used in classical Arabic poetry. It comprises distichs (''bayt'') of two 'lines'—in Arabic usually written side by side, with a space dividing them, the first being called the ''sadr'' (صدر, literally "chest") and the other the ''ʿajuz'' (عجز, literally "belly"). Its basic form is as follows (the symbol ''–'' representing a long syllable, ''⏑'' representing a short syllable, and ''x'' representing a syllable that can be short or long):''Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology'', trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. xxiii. : , ᴗ – x , ᴗ – – – , ᴗ – x , ᴗ – ᴗ – , (2×) This form can be exemplified through the traditional mnemonic ' (). The final syllable of every distich rhymes throughout the whole poem; a long poem might comprise a hundred distichs. In Classical verse, each di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metron (poetry)
A metron , (from ancient Greek "measure"), plural ''metra'', is a repeating section, 3 to 6 syllables long, of a poetic metre. The word is particularly used in reference to ancient Greek. According to a definition by Paul Maas (classical scholar), Paul Maas, usually a metron consists of two long elements and up to two other elements which can be short, ''anceps'' or ''Biceps (prosody), biceps''.Maas, Paul (translated by H. Lloyd-Jones) (1962) ''Greek Metre'', pp. 38–39. Thus an iambic metron is x – ᴗ – (where "x" represents an ''anceps'' element), a trochaic metron is – ᴗ – x, an ionic metron is ᴗ ᴗ – –, an anapaestic metron is ᴗᴗ – ᴗᴗ –, a cretic metron – ᴗ –, a baccheus is ᴗ – –, and a spondee is – –. This definition of the metron (i.e. as having two long elements) does not apply to the dactylic hexameter or to the dochmiac metre, but some scholars regard the dactyl (– ᴗᴗ) and the dochmiac (ᴗ – – ᴗ –) as metr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
