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Kajetonas Nezabitauskis
Kajetan Roch Niezabitowski or Kajetonas Rokas Nezabitauskis-Zabitis (17 July 1800 – 11 April 1876) was a Polish nobleman and Lithuanian patriot promoting the use of the Lithuanian language during the early stages of the Lithuanian National Revival. He was the half-brother of the priest Kiprijonas Nezabitauskis. After law studies at Vilnius University, he moved to Warsaw where he worked at the state censorship office until retirement in 1857. His main work is a Lithuanian primer published in 1824. It was the first illustrated primer as well as the first to include Lithuanian proverbs. It was accompanied by the first Lithuanian bibliography – a list of 73 Lithuanian-language books and manuscripts between 1557 and 1824. Between 1835 and 1850, he edited the Polish calendar ''Kalendarz powszechny''. Biography Nezabitauskis was born in near Salantai, Samogitia, then part of the Russian Empire, to a family of free peasants. Born as Zabitis, he followed the example of his elder half-br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobility
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy (class), aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below Royal family, royalty. Nobility has often been an Estates of the realm, estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristics associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions (e.g., Order of precedence, precedence), and vary by country and by era. Membership in the nobility, including rights and responsibilities, is typically Hereditary title, hereditary and Patrilinearity, patrilineal. Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by a monarch or government, and acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, ownerships, or royal favour has occasionally enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility. There are often a variety of ranks within the noble class. Legal recognition of nobility has been much more common in monarchies, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolay Rumyantsev
Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (; 3 April 1754 – 3 January 1826), born in Saint Petersburg, was Russia's Foreign Minister and Chancellor of the Russian Empire in the run-up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1808–12). He was the son of Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky from the Rumyantsev comital family. Background Rumyantsev and his brother were provided with basic education at home. Their mentor was Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm. In 1774 they went to Leiden University where they studied history, law and language. Official career Rumyantsev was the first envoy of Russia to the Holy Roman Empire after Russia became a guarantor of the imperial constitution through the Treaty of Teschen (1779). He arrived in 1782 accredited as ambassador to the Electoral Rhenish Circle, Upper Rhenish Circle, Swabian Circle, Franconian Circle, Electorate of Mainz, Electorate of Cologne, Palatine Zweibrücken, Duchy of Württemberg, Margraviate of Baden and Landgrav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Grammar
Lithuanian grammar retains many archaic features from Proto-Balto-Slavic that have been lost in other Balto-Slavic languages, and is consequently very complex. Properties and morphological categories Grammatical terminology : Gender Lithuanian nouns are classified into one of two genders: * masculine * feminine Lithuanian adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles are classified into one of three genders: * masculine * feminine *neuter Since no noun can have a neutral gender, it is used with subjects of neutral or undefined gender: *Ji () yra graži () – She is beautiful. *Mokytojas () bus pasirengęs () – The teacher will be ready. *Skaityti buvo įdomu (''neuter'') – Reading was interesting. The gender of a pronoun kas – 'who? what?', personal pronouns aš / mes – 'I' / 'we', tu / jūs – 'you (singular) / you (plural)' and a reflexive pronoun savęs is indefinite, it means any of the genders. The word ''kas'' uses masculine inflections, the other pronoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Krzysztof Kluk
Jan Krzysztof Kluk (September 13, 1739 – July 2, 1796) was a Polish naturalist agronomist and entomologist. He was the son of Jan Krzysztof Adrian and Marianna Elżbieta. His father, an impoverished nobleman, was a building contractor and architect, mainly of churches. Jan Krzysztof Kluk went to school in Warsaw, later in Drohiczyn, and finally in the Piarists school in Łuków. In 1763 he finished the Missionary seminary in the Holy Cross Church, Warsaw. From 1763–67 he was a domestic chaplain attached to the noble household of Tomasz Ossoliński, the starosta of Nur. From 1767–70 he was vicar of the parish of Winna. He later became vicar of the parish of Ciechanowiec, a position he kept until his death. He was a man with universal interests, but known mostly as a naturalist studying mainly the regions of Podlaskie and Masovia. He was a very able draftsman and engraver, which permitted him to illustrate his own later works. Princess Anna Jabłonowska gav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simonas Daukantas
Simonas Daukantas ( pl, Szymon Dowkont; 28 October 1793 – 6 December 1864) was a Lithuanian/Samogitian historian, writer, and ethnographer. One of the pioneers of the Lithuanian National Revival, he is credited as the author of the first book on the history of Lithuania written in the Lithuanian language. Only a few of his works were published during his lifetime and he died in obscurity. However, his works were rediscovered during the later stages of the National Revival. His views reflected the three major trends of the 19th century: romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism. Daukantas was born in Samogitia to a Lithuanian family. Likely a son of free peasants, he later produced proof of his noble birth to get university degree and a promotion in his government job. He attended schools in Kretinga and Žemaičių Kalvarija and was noted as an excellent student. Daukantas studied law at the University of Vilnius, though his interest lay in philology and history. After the gradu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michał Wiszniewski
Michał Wiszniewski (27 September 1794 – 22 December 1865) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, and literary historian. Life Wiszniewski graduated from the celebrated Krzemieniec Lyceum (secondary school), where he subsequently taught for a time. In 1831 he became a professor at Kraków's Jagiellonian University. He was a conservative activist during the Kraków Uprising of 1846. In 1848 he emigrated to Italy. Wiszniewski was an epigone of the Polish Enlightenment, and at the same time a precursor of Positivism. He authored a pioneering book on ''Characters of Human Minds'', which is regarded as the first Polish work in the field of psychology.Information from the Polish Wikipedia article on "Michał Wiszniewski", 17 April 2009, 13:51, edition. Works * ''Bacona metoda tłumaczenia natury'' (Bacon's Method of Explaining Nature; 1834) * ''Charaktery rozumów ludzkich'' (Characters of Human Minds; 1837, English edition 185* ''O rozumie ludzkim (On the Human Mind; 184 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Museum In Warsaw
The National Museum in Warsaw ( pl, Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie), popularly abbreviated as MNW, is a national museum in Warsaw, one of the largest museums in Poland and the largest in the capital. It comprises a rich collection of ancient art ( Egyptian, Greek, Roman), counting about 11,000 pieces, an extensive gallery of Polish painting since the 16th century and a collection of foreign painting ( Italian, French, Flemish, Dutch, German and Russian) including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, ceded to the museum by the American authorities in post-war Germany. The museum is also home to numismatic collections, a gallery of applied arts and a department of oriental art, with the largest collection of Chinese art in Poland, comprising some 5,000 objects. The museum boasts the Faras Gallery with Europe's largest collection of Nubian Christian art and the Gallery of Medieval Art with artefacts from all regions historically associated with Poland, supplemented ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Museum In Rapperswil
The Polish Museum, Rapperswil, was founded in Rapperswil, Switzerland, on 23 October 1870, by Polish Count Władysław Broel-Plater, at the urging of Agaton Giller, as "a refuge for Poland's historic memorabilia dishonored and plundered in the occupied Polish homeland" and for the promotion of Polish interests. Except for two hiatuses (1927–36, 1952–75), the Museum has existed to the present day—an outpost of Polish culture in Switzerland, a country which, over the past two centuries, has given refuge to generations of Poles. Founding The Polish Museum is housed in the Rapperswil Castle, atop that town's ''Herrenberg''. Erected in the 12th century by Count Rudolf of Rapperswil, the castle passed, together with the town, into the hands of the Habsburgs. Rapperswil became a free city (''Freie Reichsstadt'') in 1415, and eventually joined the Swiss Confederation. Over the course of time, the castle fell into disrepair. In the second half of the 19th century, the ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Lithuania
The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD. Lithuanians, one of the Baltic peoples, later conquered neighboring lands and established the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th century (and also a short-lived Kingdom of Lithuania). The Grand Duchy was a successful and lasting warrior state. It remained fiercely independent and was one of the last areas of Europe to adopt Christianity (beginning in the 14th century). A formidable power, it became the largest state in Europe in the 15th century through the conquest of large groups of East Slavs who resided in Ruthenia. In 1385, the Grand Duchy formed a dynastic union with Poland through the Union of Krewo. Later, the Union of Lublin (1569) created the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that lasted until 1795, when the last of the Partitions of Poland erased both Lithuania and Poland from the political map. Afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurynas Ivinskis
Laurynas Ivinskis (; 1810-1881) was a Lithuanian teacher, publisher, translator and lexicographer, from a Samogitian noble family. He is notable for a series of annual calendars published between 1847 and 1877, in which he summarized the daily life of Samogitian peasantry. He also published literary works by some of the most renowned local authors. He was the first to publish Antanas Baranauskas' most famous work, ''Anyksčių Šilelis''. Biography Ivinskis was born in Bambaliai on 15 August 1810. In 1841 Ivinskis passed the teacher's exams, and soon afterwards he received a Kaunas city teacher's certificate. He prepared the first Lithuanian calendar back in 1845, however due to lack of funds the calendar was not printed in Vilnius until a year later. His calendar ''Metu skajtlus ukiszkas ant metu Wieszpaties'' circulated until the Lithuanian press ban in 1864. The calendars were a form of an almanach, informing the readers of upcoming fairs and festivities, but also of basi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikalojus Akelaitis
Mikalojus Akelaitis ( pl, Mikołaj Akielewicz, also known by pen-name ''Juras Varnelis''; 1829–1887) was a prominent Lithuanian writer, publicist and amateur linguist, one of the early figures of the Lithuanian National Revival and participant in the Uprising of 1863. Akelaitis completed only a four-year secondary school and worked as a tutor for nobility's children at various manors in present-day Poland and Lithuania. He learned several languages and started contributing articles to the Polish press. He wrote works on the Lithuanian language, literature, folklore, mythology, history. His favorite research subject was linguistics, but as many self-taught linguists he developed unscientific etymologies and theories. Many of his works remained unfinished or unpublished. He generally supported the resurrection of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Polish-Lithuanian identity. He wrote texts that were meant for the common folk in Lithuanian, but his articles and stud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
School Corporal Punishment
School corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of physical pain as a response to undesired behavior by students. The term corporal punishment derives from the Latin word for the "body", . In schools it may involve striking the student on the buttocks or on the palms of their hands with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand, especially at the kindergarten, primary school, or other more junior levels. Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys."United Kingdom: Corporal puni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
