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Kabardia
The Grand Principality of Great Kabarda, also known as East Circassia or Kabardia (), was a historical country in the North Caucasus corresponding partly to modern-day Kabardino-Balkaria. It existed as a political community from the fifteenth century until it came under Russian control in the early nineteenth century after the Russo-Circassian War. Geography and peoples The Kabardians are the eastern branch of the Circassian nation. To the north were the Nogai steppe nomads, vassals of the Crimean Khanate. To the west were the Abazins, the Besleney, another Circassian tribe. In the east the Kabardians were sometimes in contact with the Kumyks. The country's boundaries fluctuated, as did its political unity and degree of control over outlying areas. The core of Kabardia was Great Kabardia which extended from somewhat east of the north-flowing part of the Kuban River to somewhat east of the north-flowing part of the Terek River. To the east was Lesser Kabardia between th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabardian Language
Kabardian (), also known as , is a Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian language, that is widely considered to be the eastern dialect of Adyghe language, Adyghe. While some Soviet linguists have treated the two as distinct languages, the Circassians (including Kabardians, Kabardian people) consider the eastern and western language variants to be dialects of one Circassian languages, Circassian language. It is spoken mainly in parts of the North Caucasus republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia (Eastern Circassia), and in Turkey, Jordan and Syria (the extensive post-war diaspora). It has 47 or 48 consonant phonemes, of which 22 or 23 are fricative consonant, fricatives, depending upon whether one counts as phonemic, but it has only 3 phonemic vowels. It is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between ejective affricate consonant, affricates and ejective fricatives. Some linguists argue that Kabardian is only one dial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russo-Circassian War
The Russo-Circassian War, also known as the Russian invasion of Circassia, was the 101-year-long invasion of Circassia by the Russian Empire. The conflict started in 1763 ( O.S.) with Russia assuming authority in Circassia, followed by Circassian refusal, and ended with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (O.S.). It was exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought and the longest war in the Caucasus region.. During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians, resulting in the Circassian genocide,L.V.Burykina. ''Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz''. Reference in King. where up to 3,500,000 Circassians were either killed or forcibly expelled to the Ottoman Empire (especially to modern-day Turkey; see Circassians in Turkey), creating the Circassian diaspora. While the war was initially an isolated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassians
The Circassians or Circassian people, also called Cherkess or Adyghe (Adyghe language, Adyghe and ), are a Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus. As a consequence of the Circassian genocide, which was perpetrated by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War in the 19th century, most of the Circassian people were exiled from their ancestral homeland and consequently began living in what was then the Ottoman Empire—that is, modern-day Turkey and the rest of the Middle East. In the early 1990s, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimated that there are as many as 3.7 million Circassian diaspora, Circassians in diaspora in over 50 countries. The two Circassian languages—western Adyghe language, Adyghe and eastern Kabardian language, Kabardian—are natively spoken by the Circassian people. After the Russian Empire's war crimes and forced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabardians
The Kabardians (Kabardian language, Kabardian: Къэбэрдей адыгэхэр; Adyghe language, Adyghe: Къэбэртай адыгэхэр; ) or Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassians, Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Flag of Adygea, Circassian flag. They are also commonly known by the plural terms Kabardin, Kebertei, or Kabarday. Along with the Besleney tribe, they speak a distinctive dialect of Circassian languages, Circassian. Historically the Kabardians lived in Kabardia, a region of the north Caucasus. In modern times the Kabardians live mostly in the Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, which partly corresponds to the historic region. Despite the Soviet-era, Soviet administrative divisions that placed Circassians under four different designations and political units, namely ''Adygeans'' (Circassians in Adygea), ''Cherkessians'' (Circassians in Karachay-Cherkessia), ''Kabardians'' (Circassians in Kabard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Misost Bematiqwa
Misost Bematiqwa (, ) was a member of the Kabardian royal family and the Hatokhshoqo (Atajuq) family. He was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1785 and 1788. His grandfather was Kurgoqo Atajuq. Life He opposed the construction of the Mozdok fortress on Circassian lands, and saw it as a Russia invasion of Circassia. In January 1764, Kabardian nobles including Bematiqwa met with the representative of the Russian Kizlyar, commandant Major General N. A. Potapov, and unsuccessfully demanded the demolition of the fortress. The Kabardian princes threatened to seek an alliance with the Crimean Khan against Russia. In June 1767, Bematiqwa, then a military commander, launched a military operation against Russia, but many other Kabardian nobles preferred to surrender.''Мальбахов Б. К.'' Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Besleney
The Besleney ( Circassian: Bеслъэней, ; ) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. By character, culture and language, the Besleney are closest to Kabardians. The noble families of the Besleney were Kanoko and Shaloho, ancestors of Kabardian Prince Beslan, (the son of legendary Prince Inal), who established his own tribe of the same name. Population The majority of the Besleney live in the valley of Bolshaya and Malaya Laba Rivers and on the bank of Urup in the Russian Republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. They also extend to the valleys of Chetem, Fars, Psefir, Kuban (Western Circassia). Language The Besleney people speak the Besleney sub-dialect () of the Kabardian Adyghe dialect (East Circassian). However, because the Besleney tribe lived at the center of Circassia, the Besleney dialect also shares a large number of features with dialects of the W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassia
Circassia ( ), also known as Zichia, was a country and a historical region in . It spanned the western coastal portions of the North Caucasus, along the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. Circassia was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassians, Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide. In the medieval era, Circassia was nominally ruled by an elected Grand Prince, but individual principalities and tribes were autonomous. In the 18th–19th centuries, List of leaders of the Circassian Confederation, a central government began to form. The Circassians also dominated the northern end of the Kuban (river), Kuban River, but were eventually pushed back to the south of the Kuban after suffering losses to military raids conducted by the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate. Their reduced borders then stretched from the Taman Peninsula to No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurgoqo Atajuq
Kurgoqo Atajuq (; ; ?–1709/1710) was the Kabardian Supreme Prince between 1695 and 1709 (or 1710). Biography Rise to power After the death of his uncle Kazıy Misost (1672–1695), he was elected grand prince of Kabarda. He fought a long struggle with the Crimean Khanate. Struggle against Crimean raids In 1699, the Crimean detachment under the command of Kalga Shahbaz-Giray invaded Circassia. In December of the same year, Kalga Shahbaz-Giray was killed in Besleney, in the home of the Kabardian prince Timur-Bulat. In 1700–1701, the Crimean detachments led by Kaplan Giray I attacked Circassia and Kabarda twice. In 1703, the army of the Crimeans and their allies under the leadership of Kalga Gazi Giray occupied Kabarda. Tatars and Nogais engaged in robbery and extortion against Circassians. A general uprising broke out in Kabarda. In 1707, the Crimean Tatars launched a new raid on Kabarda. The Tatars took thousands of cattle, but were defeated by the Kabardians. During t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jankhot Qushuq
Jankhot Qushuq () was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1809 and 1822 and head of the Kabardian Provisional Court between 1822 and 1830. Family A member of the Kabardian Bekmirza family, he was the oldest son of Prince Jantoq. He married three times. He had three sons and two daughters. His oldest son drowned in the Kuban river and his second oldest son died in Georgiyevsk Georgiyevsk () () is a historical city of Russia, historical types of inhabited localities in Russia, town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located in the North Caucasus on foothills, submontane tableland on the right bank of the Podkumok River (a tri .... His youngest son Jambulat was killed in 1825 by Russians. His brothers were baptised and accepted Christianity. References 1750s births 1830 deaths Monarchs of Kabardia {{more cats, date=July 2021 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temryuk Of Kabardia
Temryuk Idar or Temroqwa Idar ( Adyghe: Айдарыкъо Темырикъу) was a prince of the Circassian Kabardian princedom and its head of power for part of the sixteenth century. His fame was largely due to the association of his name with the alliance with Ivan IV and the marriage of his daughter, Maria Temryukovna. When Temryuk came to power, he put down the revolts of the disputing princes, and helped Circassia become a military power within the North Caucasus. Alliance with Ivan the Terrible Temroqwa was skilled ruler and military leader. He noticed the increasing military support from the Ottomans to the Tatars and feared this would affect the Circassians' ability to thwart any possible assault. Temroqwa explored the possible allies, and settled his choice on the Tsarist Russia. In 1557, Temroqwa sent a delegation to Moscow to seek alliance with the Russians. The delegation included his sons Sultan Qul and Bulat Gery, who were welcomed by Ivan the Terrible. Ivan agree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qasey Atajuq
Qasey Atajuq (; ? — 1773) was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1762 and 1773. Biography He was against the construction of the Mozdok Mozdok (; , ''Mæzdæg'') is a town and the administrative center of Mozdoksky District in North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, located on the left shore of the Terek River, north of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz. As of the 2010 Census, its p ... fortress in Circassian lands, and saw it as an invasion of Circassia by Russia. After 1765, he consistently advocated the destruction of Mozdok. After the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768–1774, Qasey Atajuq searched for ways to strengthen Kabardian sovereignty by diplomatic methods. He remained dissatisfied with the conditions for Russian annexation of Kabarda. In the last years of his life, Atajuq was actively looking for allies to exert diplomatic and military-political pressure on Russia. In 1773, he died. References {{Reflist 1773 deaths People of the Caucasian War Ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inal The Great Of Circassia
Inal Nekhu (; ; also known as Inal the Great in Georgian sources) was the Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several princedoms) into one state. He led campaigns into several countries and expanded borders on all directions. He was the founder of several Circassian tribes, mainly Kabardia, Besleney, Temirgoy, Zhaney, and Hatuqwai. Although the origin of Inal's nickname (Nef/Nekhu) is not known, sources claim that he had one eye blind, therefore it came from the word "Нэф" meaning "blind" in Circassian, and some claim that it came from the word "Нэху" meaning "enlightened" in Circassian. Biography Before the rise of Inal, the established lords in Circassia had separate territorial administration and an organized structure was not developed. Although the Circassians resisted Timurid forces in the Timur-Circassian wars, the Circassian region suffered great destruction as a result of this war. Early life ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
