KPAM (AM)
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KPAM (AM)
KPAM (860 AM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a conservative talk radio format. Licensed to Troutdale, Oregon, it serves the Portland metropolitan area. The station is owned by the Salem Media Group, with radio studios and offices on SE Lake Road in Portland. It is branded as "860 The Answer" and carries nationally syndicated Salem Radio Network hosts including Dennis Prager, Mike Gallagher, Sebastian Gorka, Hugh Hewitt and Charlie Kirk. By day, KPAM broadcasts at 50,000 watts non-directional, the highest power permitted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). But because 860 kHz is a Canadian clear channel frequency, KPAM must reduce power to 15,000 watts at night, and use a directional antenna, to avoid interfering with CJBC Toronto, the Class A station on the frequency. The transmitter is on NE 34th Street in Vancouver, Washington. History KPAM signed on the air in . It was owned by Pamplin Broadcasting, from which it gets its call sign. T ...
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Troutdale, Oregon
Troutdale is a city in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States, immediately north of Gresham and east of Wood Village. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 16,300. The city serves as the western gateway to the Historic Columbia River Highway, the Mount Hood Scenic Byway, and the Columbia River Gorge. It is approximately east of Portland and is part of the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. History The community was once known as Sandy, after the nearby Sandy River; the post office in Sandy was established in 1854 and closed in 1868. In 1873, the current city of Sandy in Clackamas County, which was formerly named "Revenue", established a different Sandy post office that is still in operation. Troutdale was named by pioneer John Harlow for the trout pond in a dale near his house. Troutdale post office was founded in 1880. In 1925, a company, the Bissinger Wool Pullery, was moved from Sellwood, Oregon, and opened for business on Macadam Road along the west bank ...
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Radio Format
A radio format or programming format (not to be confused with broadcast programming) describes the overall content broadcast on a radio station. The radio format emerged mainly in the United States in the 1950s, at a time when Radio broadcasting, radio was compelled to develop new and exclusive ways to programming by competition with Television broadcasting, television. The formula has since spread as a reference for commercial radio programming worldwide. A radio format aims to reach a more or less specific audience according to a certain type of programming, which can be thematic or general, more informative or more musical, among other possibilities. Radio formats are often used as a marketing tool and are subject to frequent changes, including temporary changes called "Stunting (broadcasting), stunting." Except for talk radio or sports radio formats, most programming formats are based on commercial music. However the term also includes the news, bulletins, DJ talk, jingles, c ...
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Toronto
Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the List of North American cities by population, fourth-most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people (as of 2021) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341. As of 2024, the census metropolitan area had an estimated population of 7,106,379. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multiculturalism, multicultural and cosmopolitanism, cosmopolitan cities in the world. Indigenous peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, ...
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CJBC (AM)
CJBC (860 kHz) is a French language, non-commercial, public radio station in Toronto, Ontario. It is the Ici Radio-Canada Première Network's outlet for much of Southern Ontario. The studios are in the Canadian Broadcasting Centre on Front Street West in Downtown Toronto. CJBC is a Class A station. It runs at 50,000 watts, the maximum power for Canadian AM stations. It uses a non-directional antenna. The transmitter is on Auburn Road in Milton near Ontario Highway 401. CJBC programming is heard on five rebroadcasters around Southern Ontario. History Early years The station signed on the air in 1925. Its original call sign was CKNC and it broadcast on 840 kHz. It was owned by the Canadian National Carbon Company. In January 1927, the station moved to 690 kHz, returning to 840 kHz a month later. The station then moved to 580 in 1928, and to 1030 in 1931. In 1933, the station was leased and then acquired by the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission, the ...
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Directional Antenna
A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna that radiates or receives greater radio wave power in specific directions. Directional antennas can radiate radio waves in beams, when greater concentration of radiation in a certain direction is desired, or in receiving antennas receive radio waves from one specific direction only. This can increase the power transmitted to receivers in that direction, or reduce interference from unwanted sources. This contrasts with omnidirectional antennas such as dipole antennas which radiate radio waves over a wide angle, or receive from a wide angle. The extent to which an antenna's angular distribution of radiated power, its radiation pattern, is concentrated in one direction is measured by a parameter called antenna gain. A high-gain antenna (HGA) is a directional antenna with a focused, narrow beam width, permitting more precise targeting of the radio signals. Most commonly referred to during space missions, these antennas ...
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Clear-channel Station
A clear-channel station is a North American AM radio station that has the highest level of protection from interference from other stations, particularly from nighttime skywave signals. This classification exists to ensure the viability of cross-country or cross-continent radio service enforced through a series of treaties and statutory laws. Known as Class A stations since the 1983 adoption of the Regional Agreement for the Medium Frequency Broadcasting Service in Region 2 (Rio Agreement), they are occasionally still referred to by their former classifications of Class I-A (the highest classification), Class I-B (the next highest class), or Class I-N (for stations in Alaska too far away to cause interference to the primary clear-channel stations in the lower 48 states). The term "clear-channel" is used most often in the context of North America and the Caribbean, where the concept originated. Since 1941, these stations have been required to maintain a transmitter power output ...
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Omnidirectional Antenna
In radio communication, an omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna (electronics), antenna which radiates equal radio power in all directions perpendicular to an Cartesian coordinate system, axis (azimuthal directions), with power varying with angle to the axis (elevation angle), declining to zero on the axis. When graphed in three dimensions ''(see graph)'' this radiation pattern is often described as ''doughnut-shaped''. This is different from an isotropic radiator, isotropic antenna, which radiates equal power in ''all'' directions, having a ''spherical'' radiation pattern. Omnidirectional antennas oriented vertically are widely used for nondirectional antennas on the surface of the Earth because they radiate equally in all horizontal directions, while the power radiated drops off with elevation angle so little radio energy is aimed into the sky or down toward the earth and wasted. Omnidirectional antennas are widely used for radio broadcasting antennas, and in mobile ...
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Charlie Kirk
Charles James Kirk (born October 14, 1993) is an American Conservatism in the United States, conservative political activist, author and Right-wing populism, right-wing populist media personality. With Bill Montgomery (activist), Bill Montgomery, he co-founded Turning Point USA (TPUSA) in 2012, for which Kirk serves as executive director. He is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Turning Point Action, Turning Point Academy, and Turning Point Faith; president of Turning Point Endowment; and a member of the Council for National Policy. Kirk was born and raised in the Chicago suburbs of Arlington Heights, Illinois, Arlington Heights and Prospect Heights, Illinois. In high school, Kirk actively engaged in politics, supporting Mark Kirk's United States Senate, U.S. Senate campaign and campaigning against a price increase in his school's cafeteria. He briefly attended Harper College before dropping out to pursue political activism full-time, influenced by Tea Party movement, Tea Par ...
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Hugh Hewitt
Hugh Hewitt (born February 22, 1956) is an American conservative political commentator, radio talk show host with the Salem Radio Network, attorney, academic, and author. He writes about law, society, politics, and media bias in the United States. Hewitt is a former official in the Reagan administration, the former president and CEO of the Richard Nixon Foundation, a law professor at Chapman University School of Law, a former columnist for ''The Washington Post'', and a regular political commentator on Fox News. He is the List of most-listened-to radio programs, 14th most-listened-to radio talk show host in the United States. Early life and education Hewitt was born on February 22, 1956, in Warren, Ohio, Warren, Ohio. He is the son of Marguerite (née Rohl) and William Robert Hewitt. He describes himself as "a descendant of both Ulster and Republic of Ireland, the Republic through a green-orange marriage of immigrants from County Down and County Clare". Hewitt attended John F. ...
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Sebastian Gorka
Sebastian Lukács Gorka (; born October 22, 1970) is a British-Hungarian-American media host and commentator, currently affiliated with Salem Radio Network and NewsMax TV, and a United States government official. He served in the first Trump administration as a deputy assistant to the president for seven months, from January until August 2017. In the second Trump administration, he has served as a deputy assistant to the president and senior director for counterterrorism since January 2025. Gorka was born in the United Kingdom to Hungarian parents, lived in Hungary from 1992 to 2008, and in 2012 became a naturalized American citizen. Gorka has written several books and for a variety of publications, is politically conservative and has ties to the alt-right, though he rejects the term and has condemned the alt-right, calling it "bogus" and "a new label for nationalists or irredentist bigots". During his time in the first Trump administration, Gorka gave a series of combativ ...
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Mike Gallagher (political Commentator)
Mike Gallagher (born April 7, 1960) is an American radio host and conservative political commentator. He is the host of ''The Mike Gallagher Show'', a nationally syndicated radio program that airs throughout the United States on Salem Radio Network and is also a FOX News Channel Contributor and guest host. According to '' Talkers'' magazine, Gallagher is the tenth most-listened-to radio talk show host in the United States. Career Radio As a 17-year-old high school senior in Dayton, Ohio, Gallagher talked his way into an on-air shift at WAVI. From there he joined WFBC in Greenville, South Carolina, eventually becoming station manager. He then became an on-air host in Albany, New York, on WGY. Gallagher went on to New York City, where he spent two years as morning drive host on WABC. In 1998, ''The Mike Gallagher Show'' was launched nationally with 12 radio stations. As of early 2011, Gallagher was the sixth most listened-to talk radio host in America with over four milli ...
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Dennis Prager
Dennis Mark Prager (; born August 2, 1948) is an American conservative radio talk show host and writer. He is the host of the nationally syndicated radio talk show ''The Dennis Prager Show''. In 2009, he co-founded PragerU, which primarily creates five-minute videos from an American conservative perspective, among other content. His initial political work starting in 1969 concerned Refuseniks, the Soviet Jews who were unable to emigrate. He gradually began offering more and broader commentary on politics. Early life and education Dennis Prager was born in Brooklyn to Hilda (; 1919–2009) and Max Prager (1918–2014), the latter the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Prager and his brother, Kenneth Prager, were raised in a Modern Orthodox Jewish home. He attended the Yeshiva of Flatbush in Brooklyn, New York, where he befriended Joseph Telushkin. Prager attended Brooklyn College, where he double majored in anthropology and history, and received a B.A. in 1970. He became ...
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