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June 1990 Mineriad
The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of anti- National Salvation Front (FSN) rioting in Bucharest, Romania by the physical intervention of groups of industrial workers as well as coal miners from the Jiu Valley, brought to Bucharest by the government to counter the rising violence of the protesters.Deletant, Dennis. "Chapter 25: The Security Services since 1989: Turning over a new leaf." 2004. Carey, Henry F., ed. ''Romania since 1989: politics, economics, and society.'' Lexington Books: Oxford. Pages 507-510. This event occurred several weeks after the FSN achieved a landslide victory in the May 1990 gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineriad
The mineriads () were a series of protests and often violent altercations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91. The term "mineriad" is also used to refer to the most significant and violent of these encounters, which occurred June 13–15, 1990. During the 1990s, the Jiu Valley miners played a visible role in Romanian politics, and their protests reflected inter-political and societal struggles after the Romanian Revolution. January 1990 mineriad 28 January After the National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a political party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square (Piața Victoriei), organised by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other historical and newly founded oppositional smaller parties. Even though the anti-Communist demonstration started out (and was intended to be) non-violent, the protesters charged the Parli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Square Bucharest 1990
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic monks. The University of Bologna (), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *being a high degree-awarding institute. *using the word (which was coined at its foundation). *having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law and notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victoria Palace
The Victoria Palace () is a government building on the large Victory Square () in Bucharest, housing the Prime Minister of Romania and his cabinet. The Victory Palace was designed in 1937 to house the Foreign Ministry, and nearly complete in 1944. It was designed by architect Duiliu Marcu (1885–1966), who had designed many major buildings in 1920s and 30s Romania, including many major government projects in the 1930s and 40s. The Victory Palace is a stylised monumental classical design, with an arcaded ground level, a long colonnade of slim piers on the main front, and two recessed top floors. The facades were entirely clad in Carrara marble, with reliefs in the panels at either end, and there were generously decorated interiors. The building suffered heavy damage in the 1944 German bombing of Bucharest in World War II. It then underwent significant restoration and reconstruction works, being reclad in travertine, without the reliefs and less ornate interiors, finally open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victory Square, Bucharest
Victory Square (, ) is one of the major public squares in Bucharest, Romania, an intersection where Calea Victoriei, Lascăr Catargiu Boulevard, Iancu de Hunedoara Boulevard, Kiseleff Boulevard, Ion Mihalache Boulevard, and Nicolae Titulescu Boulevard cross. History The Victory Square received its name in 1878, although it appeared in maps fifty years earlier, when the Kiseleff Road was cut. Initially, the square had an almost circular shape, edged by public buildings, the Antipa Museum (the western side), the Sturdza Palace (the eastern side), and the Building of the Public Officials Association (the southern side), the last two no longer existing. During the interwar period, the Victoria Palace is added in the Square, right behind the Sturdza Palace. On 24 and 25 August 1944, during World War II, after Romania started to fight together with the Allies in the wake of the coup d'état of 23 August, some buildings with important functions were bombarded by Nazi German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Revolution Of 1989
The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc. The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of a Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured. Following World War II, Romania found itself inside the Soviet sphere of influence, with Communist rule officially declared in 1947. In April 1964, when Romania p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Television
Televiziunea Română (), more commonly referred to as TVR , is the short name for Societatea Română de Televiziune ("Romanian Television Society"; SRTV), the Romanian public television. It operates nine channels: TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, TVR Cultural, TVR Folclor, TVR Info, TVRi, TVR Moldova and TVR Sport along with six regional studios in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Craiova, and Târgu Mureș. TVR 1 has a total national coverage of 99.8%, virtually the entire Romanian population, and TVR 2 has 91% national coverage. All of the other channels and networks solely broadcast in major population centers. Even though it does not have the largest audience, due to the dominance of the five private TV networks (which consistently get higher ratings in the urban market segment), it offers a wider variety of services, including webcasts and international viewing via TVRi. As of November 2019, TVR 1 and TVR 2 broadcast in full high-definition. History Early year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian-Democratic People's Party (Romania)
The Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (, PNȚCD) is an agrarian and Christian democratic political party in Romania. It claims to be the rightful successor of the interwar ''National Peasants' Party'' (PNȚ), created from the merger of the Romanian National Party (PNR) from the then Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania and the Peasants' Party (PȚ) from the Romanian Old Kingdom. PNȚCD was the largest and most important political party of the Romanian Democratic Convention (, CDR) during the 1990s and was led by Corneliu Coposu and Ion Diaconescu, two former political prisoners during communism, but as the 2000s began it gradually feel out of grace amongst centre-right Romanian voters and slowly became an inactive microparty. The party was subsequently excluded from the European People's Party (EPP) in June 2017. Eventually, it joined the European Christian Political Party (ECPP, then the European Christian Political Movement) in February 2020. Given a tremendous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party
The Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (, PNȚCD) is an agrarianism, agrarian and Christian democracy, Christian democratic list of political parties in Romania, political party in Romania. It claims to be the rightful successor of the interwar period, interwar ''National Peasants' Party'' (PNȚ), created from the merger of the Romanian National Party (PNR) from the then Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania and the Peasants' Party (Romania), Peasants' Party (PȚ) from the Romanian Old Kingdom. PNȚCD was the largest and most important political party of the Romanian Democratic Convention (, CDR) during the 1990s and was led by Corneliu Coposu and Ion Diaconescu, two former political prisoners during Socialist Republic of Romania, communism, but as the 2000s began it gradually feel out of grace amongst Centre-right politics, centre-right Romanian voters and slowly became an inactive microparty. The party was subsequently excluded from the European Peopl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fascist
Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived interest of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Opposed to communism, democracy, liberalism, pluralism, and socialism, fascism is at the far right of the traditional left–right spectrum.; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Fascism rose to prominence in early-20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries, most notably Germany. Fascism also had adherents outside of Europe. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and the mass mobilization of so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hooliganism
Hooliganism is disruptive or unlawful behavior such as rioting, bullying and vandalism, often in connection with crowds at sporting events. A hooligan is a person that engages in illicit reckless behaviors and is a public nuisance. Etymology There are several theories regarding the origin of the word ''hooliganism,'' which is a derivative of the word wiktionary:hooligan#Noun, hooligan. ''The Compact Oxford English Dictionary'' states that the word may have originated from the surname of a rowdy Irish people, Irish family in a music hall song of the 1890s. Clarence Rook, in his 1899 book ''Hooligan Nights'', wrote that the word came from Patrick Hoolihan (or Hooligan), an Irish Bouncer (doorman), bouncer and thief who lived in London. In 2015, the BBC Scotland TV programme ''The Secret Life of Midges'' noted that the English commander-in-chief during the Jacobite rising of 1745, General Wade, misheard the local Scots Gaelic word for midge—''meanbh-chuileag''—and coined the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proclamation Of Timișoara
The Proclamation of Timișoara was a thirteen-point written document, drafted on March 11, 1990, by the Timișoara participants in Romania's Romanian Revolution of 1989, 1989 Revolution, and partly issued in reaction to the January 1990 Mineriad, first Mineriad. Organized as the ''Timișoara Society'' and other bodies of students and workers, the signers expressed Liberal democracy, liberal-democratic goals, which they saw as representing the revolutionary legacy. The best-known requirement formed the document's 8th Point, calling for all former Romanian Communist Party ''nomenklatura'' and Securitate cadres to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years (or three consecutive legislatures), with an emphasis on the office of President of Romania, President (''see Lustration''). Questioning the status of the governing National Salvation Front (Romania), National Salvation Front, the Proclamation argued that the latter primarily represented a small group of Communist d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest (UB) () is a public university, public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy of Bucharest, Princely Academy into the current University of Bucharest, making it one of the oldest Romanian universities. It is one of the five members of the ''Universitaria Consortium'' (a group of elite Romanian universities). The University of Bucharest offers study programmes in Romanian and English and is classified as an ''advanced research and education university'' by the Ministry of Education and Scientific Research (Romania), Ministry of Education. History The University of Bucharest was founded by the Decree no. 765 of 4 July 1864 by Alexandru Ioan Cuza and is a leading academic centre and a significant point of reference in society. The University of Bucharest is rich in history and has been actively contributing to the development a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
