|
José Antonio Girón
José Antonio Girón de Velasco (28 August 1911, Herrera de Pisuerga, Palencia – 22 August 1995, Fuengirola, Málaga) was a prominent Spanish Falangist politician. He was minister of Labor (1941–57), counselor of the Council of the Realm and member of the ''Cortes Españolas''. He was one of the most heard voices against any kind of changes during the last years of Francoist regime, taking part in the political group known as " the Bunker", for their reluctance to the Spanish transition to democracy after Franco's death. He began his political activities during his university studies in Valladolid. In 1931 he joined '' Juventudes Castellanas de Acción Hispánica'' (Castilian Youth for Spanish Action), a small political group founded in Valladolid by Onésimo Redondo, that would merge with Ramiro Ledesma's ''Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista'' (Unions of the National-Syndicalist Offensive) and José Antonio Primo de Rivera's ''Falange Española de las JONS''. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juntas De Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (, JONS) was a nationalist and fascist movement in 1930s Spain. In 1934, it merged with the Falange Española into the Falange Española de las JONS. History JONS was founded on 10 October 1931 as the fusion of the group around La Conquista del Estado (The Conquest of the State) of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos and the Juntas Castellanas de Actuación Hispánica (Castilian Councils of Hispanic Action) of Onésimo Redondo. JONS, whose leadership was the Central Executive Triumvirate, began as a small organization, primarily amongst students in Madrid as well as workers and peasants in and around Valladolid. Its followers were called ''jonsistas''. In 1933, JONS experienced a period of expansion and started publishing a theoretical journal, ''JONS''. Amongst other endeavors, the organisation engaged in trade union work in Castile. In January 1933, Gutiérrez Palma set up a transport-workers union in Valladolid. Later the same year, JONS fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Preston
Sir Paul Preston CBE (born 21 July 1946) is an English historian and Hispanist, biographer of Francisco Franco, and specialist in Spanish history, in particular the Spanish Civil War, which he has studied for more than 50 years. He is the winner of multiple awards for his books on the Spanish Civil War. Biography Preston was born in 1946 in Liverpool. Preston said in an interview that he has sympathy for the Second Spanish Republic: "I came from a fairly left-wing family. You could not really be from working-class Liverpool and not be left-wing. Emotionally, in my feeling for the Republic I think there is an element of indignation about the Republic's defeat, solidarity with the losing side. Maybe that's why I support Everton, although Everton wasn't the losing side in my day." Preston studied for his undergraduate degree at Oriel College, Oxford. He then gained an MA in European Studies at the University of Reading. He moved back to Oriel College to gain his DPhil. From 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanley Payne
Stanley George Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American historian of modern Spain and European fascism at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He retired from full-time teaching in 2004 and is currently Professor Emeritus at its Department of History. Early life Stanley Payne was born on September 9, 1934, in Denton, Texas. His father and mother were living in Colorado before moving to Texas. His father found work as a carpenter after losing his job to the Great Depression, and eventually became the foreman of a planing mill. His mother completed two years of nurse's training at a sanitarium in Chicago, but was forced to drop out due to lack of support from her family. She was a Seventh Day Adventist. The family moved to Sacramento, California, when Stanley was twelve and Stanley's parents divorced soon after. Work Known for his typological description of fascism, Payne is a specialist in the Spanish fascist movement and has also produced comparative analyses of Western E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memoir
A memoir (; , ) is any nonfiction narrative writing based on the author's personal memories. The assertions made in the work are thus understood to be factual. While memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobiography since the late 20th century, the genre is differentiated in form, presenting a narrowed focus, usually a particular time phase in someone's life or career. A biography or autobiography tells the story "of a life", while a memoir often tells the story of a particular career, event, or time, such as touchstone moments and turning points in the author's life. The author of a memoir may be referred to as a memoirist or a memorialist. Early memoirs Memoirs have been written since the ancient times, as shown by Julius Caesar's '' Commentarii de Bello Gallico'', also known as ''Commentaries on the Gallic Wars''. In the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the nine years that he spent fighting local armies in the G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust Limited. The trust was created in 1936 to "secure the financial and editorial independence of ''The Guardian'' in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of ''The Guardian'' free from commercial or political interference". The trust was converted into a limited company in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for ''The Guardian'' the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in its journalism rather than distributed to owners or shareholders. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK. The editor-in-chief Katharine Viner succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Reform Act
The Political Reform Act (Law 1/1977, of 4 JanuaryLaw 1/1977, of January 4, of the Political Reform ''. 5 January 1977'' (in Spanish).) was the Spanish law that re-established democracy and allowed the elimination of the governmental structures of the through a legal process. It is one of the key events in the |
Blas Piñar
Blas Piñar López (22 November 1918 – 28 January 2014) was a Spanish far-right politician. Having connections to Catholic organizations, during the Francoist dictatorship he directed the Institute of Hispanic Culture (''Instituto de Cultura Hispánica'') and served as ''procurador'' in the Cortes and as national councillor (1955–1977). He later became a member of the Congress of Deputies in 1979. He led the far-right New Force and National Front political parties. Biography Piñar was born in Toledo. He was a law student in Madrid when the Spanish Civil War broke out and took refuge in the embassies of Finland and Paraguay, later doing work as a clandestine "fifth columnist" for the Nationalist forces. From 1957 to 1962, he was in charge of the Institute of Hispanic Culture that was dedicated to managing scholarships between Latin American and Spanish universities. After a trip to Latin America and the Philippines, Piñar wrote an article for the Madrid newspaper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Miracle
The Spanish miracle () refers to a period of exceptionally rapid development and growth across all major areas of economic activity in Spain during the latter part of the Francoist regime, 1959 to 1974, in which GDP averaged a 6.5 percent growth rate per year, and was itself part of a much longer period of an above average GDP growth rate from 1951 to 2007. The economic boom came to an end with the 1970s international oil and stagflation crises that disrupted the industrialised world although several scholars have argued that "liabilities accumulated during years of frenzied pursuit of economic development" were in fact to blame for the slow economic growth of the late 1970s. Initiation of boom After a very slow recovery from the devastation of the civil war of 1936-1939, the "economic miracle" was initiated by the reforms promoted by a group of economic " technocrats" who, with the backing of Francisco Franco, put in place new policies for the economic development of S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economy Of Spain
The economy of Spain is a highly developed social market economy. It is the world's 12th largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest in Europe (fifth excluding Russia). Spain is a member of the European Union and the eurozone, as well as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization. In 2023, Spain was the 18th-largest exporter in the world. Meanwhile, in 2022, Spain was the 15th-largest importer in the world. Spain is listed 27th in the United Nations Human Development Index and 29th in GDP per capita by the International Monetary Fund. Some main areas of economic activity are the automotive industry, medical technology, chemicals, shipbuilding, tourism and the textile industry. Among OECD members, Spain has a highly efficient and strong social security system, which comprises roughly 23% of GDP. During the Great Recession, Spain's economy was also in a recession. Compared to the EU and US averages, the Spanish economy e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Security System
Welfare spending is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to social insurance programs which provide support only to those who have previously contributed (e.g. pensions), as opposed to ''social assistance'' programs which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most disability benefits). The International Labour Organization defines social security as covering support for those in old age, support for the maintenance of children, medical treatment, parental and sick leave, unemployment and disability benefits, and support for sufferers of occupational injury. More broadly, welfare may also encompass efforts to provide a basic level of well-being through subsidized ''social services'' such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, vocational training, and public housing.''The New Fontana Dictionary of Mode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationalist Faction (Spanish Civil War)
The Nationalist faction (), also Rebel faction () and Francoist faction () was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of Right-wing politics, right-leaning political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña, including the Falange Española de las JONS, Falange, the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsism, Alfonsist Renovación Española and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion. In 1937, Unification Decree (Spain, 1937), all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS. After the death of the faction's early leaders, General Francisco Franco, one of the members of the 1936 coup, headed the Spanish nationalism, Nationalists throughout most of the war, and emerged as the Francoist Spain, dictator of Spain until his death in 197 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
