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Joseph Hergenröther
Joseph Hergenröther (15 September 1824 – 3 October 1890) was a German Church historian and canonist, and the first Cardinal-Prefect of the Vatican Archive. Biography Born in Würzburg, he was the second son of Johann Jacob Hergenröther, professor of medicine in the University of Würzburg. In 1842 Hergenröther completed with notable success his gymnasium course in his native town, and entered the University of Würzburg to take up a two-year course of philosophical studies, to which he added certain branches of theology. His historical tendencies exhibited themselves at this early age in a dramatic poem entitled ''Papst Gregor VII'' (Würzburg, 1841). Bishop von Stahl took an interest in him, and in 1844 sent him to the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum at Rome, whither he had already sent Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger and Franz Hettinger. Among his scholarly teachers were Giovanni Perrone and Carlo Passaglia in doctrinal theology, Tomei in moral theology, A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
His Eminence
His Eminence (abbreviation H.Em. or HE) is a style (manner of address), style of reference for high nobility, still in use in various religious contexts. Catholicism The style remains in use as the official style or standard form of address in reference to a cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal of the Catholic Church, reflecting his status as a Prince of the Church. A longer, and more formal, title is "His [or Your when addressing the cardinal directly] Most Reverend Eminence". Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are also cardinals may be addressed as "His Eminence" or by the style particular to Catholic patriarchs, His Beatitude. When the Grand master (order), Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the head of state of their sovereign territorial state comprising the island of Malta until 1797, who had already been made a Reichsfürst (i.e., prince of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1607, became (in terms of honorary order of precedence, not in the actual churc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vatican Archive
The Vatican Apostolic Archive (; ), formerly known as the Vatican Secret Archive (; ), is the central repository in the Vatican City of all acts promulgated by the Holy See. The Pope, as the sovereign of Vatican City, owns the material held in the archive until his death or resignation, with ownership passing to his successor. The archive also contains state papers, correspondence, account books, and many other documents that the church has accumulated over the centuries. Pope Paul V separated the Secret Archive from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access, and the archive remained closed altogether to outsiders until the late 19th century, when Pope Leo XIII opened the archive to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine some of its documents each year. “Secret” name The use of the word ''secret'' in the former title, "Vatican Secret Archive", does not denote the modern meaning of confidentiality. A fuller and perhaps better translat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refutation Of All Heresies
The ''Refutation of All Heresies'' (; ), also called the ''Elenchus'' or ''Philosophumena'', is a compendious Christian polemical work of the early third century, whose attribution to Hippolytus of Rome or an unknown " Pseudo-Hippolytus" is disputed. It catalogues both pagan beliefs and 33 gnostic Christian systems deemed heretical by the author/s and/or compiler/s, making it a major source of information on contemporary opponents of Christian orthodoxy as understood today. The first book, a synopsis of Greek philosophy, circulated separately in several manuscripts and was known as the ''Philosophoumena'' ( "philosophical teachings"), a title which some extend to the whole work. Books IV-X were recovered in 1842 in a manuscript at Mount Athos, while books II and III remain lost. The work was long attributed to the early Christian theologian Origen. Contents This work is divided into ten books, 8 of which have survived more or less intact. Books II and III, however, have not been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ignaz Von Döllinger
Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger (; 28 February 179914 January 1890), also Doellinger in English, was a German theologian, Catholic priest and church historian who rejected the dogma of papal infallibility. Among his writings which proved controversial, his criticism of the papacy antagonized ultramontanes, yet his reverence for tradition annoyed the liberals. He is considered an important contributor to the doctrine, growth and development of the Old Catholic Church The terms Old Catholic Church, Old Catholics, Old-Catholic churches, or Old Catholic movement, designate "any of the groups of Western Christians who believe themselves to maintain in complete loyalty the doctrine and traditions of the undiv ..., though he himself never joined that denomination. Early life Born at Bamberg, Electorate of Bavaria, Bavaria, Döllinger came from an intellectual family, his grandfather and father having both been eminent physicians and professors of medical science; his mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patrology
Patristics, also known as Patrology, is a branch of theological studies focused on the writings and teachings of the Church Fathers, between the 1st to 8th centuries CE. Scholars analyze texts from both orthodox and heretical authors. Patristics emerged as a distinct discipline in the 19th century, supported by critical editions like Patrologia Latina and Patrologia Graeca. The field employs textual analysis, archaeology, and historical criticism to analyze early Christianity's doctrinal, cultural, and intellectual development, incorporating traditions beyond Greek and Latin, such as Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, and Ethiopian. Etymology Patrology, derived from the Latin (father) and Greek ''logos'' (discourse), primarily refers to the study of the Church Fathers and serves as an introduction to early Christian writings. Historically, it also included large compilations of these writings, such as ''Patrologia Latina'' and '' Patrologia Graeca'' by Migne.Stausberg, M., & Vevaina, Y. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habilitationschrift
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation. The degree, sometimes abbreviated ''Dr. habil''. (), ''dr hab.'' (), or ''D.Sc.'' (''Doctor of Sciences'' in Russia and some CIS countries), is often a qualification for full professorship in those countries. In German-speaking countries it allows the degree holder to bear the title ''PD'' (for ). In a number of countries there exists an academic post of docent, appointment to which often requires such a qualification. The degree conferral is usually accompanied by a public oral defence event (a lecture or a colloquium) with one or more opponents. Habilitation is usually awarded 5–15 years after a PhD degree or its equivalent. Achieving this aca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Munich
The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich, LMU or LMU Munich; ) is a public university, public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Originally established as the University of Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut, it is Germany's List of universities in Germany, sixth-oldest university in continuous operation. In 1800, the university was moved from Ingolstadt to Landshut by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria when the city was threatened by the French, before being transferred to its present-day location in Munich in 1826 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria. In 1802, the university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in honor of himself and Ludwig IX. LMU is currently the second-largest university in Germany in terms of student population; in the 2023/24 winter semester, the university had a total of 52,972 matriculated students. Of these, 10,138 were freshmen, while internati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zellingen
Zellingen () is a market municipality in the Main-Spessart district in the ''Regierungsbezirk'' of Lower Franconia (''Unterfranken'') in Bavaria, Germany and the seat of the ''Verwaltungsgemeinschaft'' (Administrative Community) of Zellingen. Geography Location Zellingen lies in the region of Würzburg on the river Main. The community has the following ''Gemarkungen'' (traditional rural cadastral areas): Duttenbrunn, Retzbach, Zellingen. History Between 1312 and 1313, Zellingen temporarily had Schweinfurt town rights, which, however, were never used. Zellingen, as a former ''Amt'' of the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, passed at Secularization in 1803 to Bavaria, and under the Peace of Pressburg was transferred in 1805 to Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany to form the Grand Duchy of Würzburg, with which it passed in 1814 back to Bavaria. In 1975, the market community of Retzbach was amalgamated with Zellingen, as likewise was the community of Duttenbrunn in 1978. Politic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francis Xavier Patrizi
Francis Xavier Patrizi (Rome, 19 June 1797 – Rome, 23 April 1881) was an Italian Jesuit exegete. Life He was the eldest son and heir of the and Princess Kunegunde of Saxony. He entered the Society of Jesus on 12 November 1814, was ordained priest in 1824, and soon became professor of Sacred Scripture and Hebrew in the Roman College. The revolution of 1848 caused Patrizi and his fellow professor Perrone to take refuge in England. Here, and afterwards at the Catholic University of Leuven, Patrizi taught Scriptures to the Jesuit scholastics. When peace was restored at Rome, he again began to lecture in the Roman College. The revolution of 1870 ended his career as a teacher, and he found a home in the German-Hungarian College of Rome, remaining there till death. Works He wrote twenty-one biblical and ascetical works. Of the former the most important are: * (2 vols., Rome, 1844) * (Rome, 1856) * (3 vols., Freiburg im Breisgau, 1853) * (Rome, 1857) * (Rome, 1862) * (Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonio Ballerini
Antonio Ballerini (10 October 1805 – 27 November 1881) was an Italian Jesuit theologian. Biography Ballerini was born in Medicina, in what is now the Province of Bologna. He entered the Society of Jesus, on 13 October 1826. He was professor of philosophy at Ferentino, of ecclesiastical history at Rome and at Fermo, of moral theology at the Roman College. He took a prominent part in the controversies on the writings of Antonio Rosmini, on the moral system of Alphonsus Liguori, and on the relations between the hierarchy and the religious orders, especially in England. He contributed treatises to the discussion of the subject of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. He collaborated to the compilation of the ''Menology'' of the Society, and published a compendium of Jean-Pierre Gury. His chief work, the commentary on Busenbaum's ''Medulla'', was completed and published by Domenico Palmieri. He died in Rome in 1881. References Bibliography * Sommervogel Carlos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlo Passaglia
Carlo Passaglia (2 May 1812 – 12 March 1887) was an Italian Jesuit and theologian. Life Carlo Passaglia was born at Lucca on 2 May 1812. Passaglia was soon destined for the priesthood, and was placed under the care of the Jesuits at the age of fifteen. He became successively doctor in mathematics, philosophy and theology in the university of Rome. In 1844 he was made professor in the Collegio Romano, the well known Jesuit college in Rome. In 1845 he took the vows as a member of the Jesuit order. In 1848, during the expulsion of the Jesuits from Rome which followed on the revolutionary troubles in the Italian peninsula, he paid a brief visit to England. On his return to Italy he founded, with the assistance of Father Curci and Luigi Taparelli D'Azeglio, the celebrated organ of the Jesuit order entitled ''La Civiltà Cattolica''. In 1854 came the decision of the Roman Church on the long-debated question of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin. Into the agitation for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Perrone
Giovanni Perrone (11 March 1794 – 26 August 1876) was an Italian Jesuit and renowned theologian. Life Perrone was born in Chieri, Piedmont. After studying theology and obtaining a doctorate at Turin, he entered the Society of Jesus in Rome at age 21, on 14 December 1815. The Society had been re-established by Pope Pius VII only a year before, and Perrone was very soon appointed to teach theology at Orvieto. In 1824 he became professor of dogmatic theology at the Roman College, where he taught the future Pope Leo XIII. In 1830 he was made rector of the Jesuit college in Ferrara, but was recalled to the Roman College in 1838. Beginning in 1847, Perrone corresponded at length with John Henry Newman, particularly on the development of doctrine. The Roman Republic of 1849 forced him to seek refuge in England. After an exile of three years, Perrone again took the chair of dogma in the Roman College, being made head of his former college in 1850. He taught theology until prevented by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
