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Jonas Krikščiūnas
Jonas Krikščiūnas, known by his pen name Jovaras ( – 21 January 1967), was a Lithuanian poet. From around 1896 to 1904, he was a book smuggler helping distribute the banned Lithuanian books. A son of poor peasants, he never received any formal education. He learned to read at home and with financial support from Žiburėlis studied privately in 1907–1910. In 1901, he met with Povilas Višinskis who taught him the basics of poetry. Krikščiūnas wrote most of his works in 1904–1910. Eight different poetry collections were published before World War I. His poetry built on the traditions of the Lithuanian folk songs. Two of his best known poems were adapted into folk songs. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, his works reflected struggles and suffering of the common people and socialist ideology. His later poems repeated socialist–communist slogans. Biography Early life Krikščiūnas was born in the village of near Šiauliai, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire, to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kovno Governorate
Kovno Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (''guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Kovno (Kaunas). It was formed on 18 December 1842 by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas I from the western part of Vilna Governorate, and the order was carried out on 1 July 1843. It was part of the Vilna Governorate-General and Northwestern Krai. The governorate included almost the entire Lithuanian region of Samogitia and the northern part of Aukštaitija. Counties The governorate was divided into seven uyezds: Notes References Further reading * * Kovno Governorate, Governorates of the Russian Empire History of Kaunas Historical regions in Lithuania 1843 establishments in the Russian Empire {{Russia-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lygumai
Lygumai (Yiddish: ליגעם) is a small town in Pakruojis District Municipality, Šiauliai County, northern-central Lithuania. As of 2011 it had a population of 601. It is the administrative center of the . History In 15th century the Lygumai estate of the Grand Duke of Lithuania This is a list of Lithuanian monarchs who ruled Lithuania from its inception until the fall of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1795. The Lithuanian monarch bore the title of Grand duke, Grand Duke, with the exception of Mindaugas, who was crown ... was mentioned. Within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the place was also known under the Polonized name Ligumy. It is known that the place was given by Stanisław II August to a royal geometer (surveyor) Czapski for the general survey of and later changed owners several times. In the beginning of August 1941, during the German occupation of Lithuania during World War II#Administration, German occupation of Lithuania, the Jews of the village, about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ūkininkas
''Ūkininkas'' or ''Ukinįkas'' (literally: ''The Farmer'') was a monthly Lithuanian-language newspaper published during the Lithuanian press ban by the editorial staff of ''Varpas'' from 1890 to 1905. ''Ūkininkas'' was printed in Tilsit (current Sovetsk) and Ragnit (current Neman) in German East Prussia and smuggled into Lithuania by the knygnešiai. The two newspapers shared staff and similar ideology, but ''Ūkininkas'' was geared towards less educated peasants and had larger circulation of 1,000–2,000 copies. It contained few political or cultural discourses and concentrated on practical advice regarding farming, husbandry, and forestry. It also published short news from various locations across Lithuania, helping to develop the idea of Lithuania as a single entity. Various writers, including Jonas Biliūnas, Vincas Kudirka, Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Sofija Pšibiliauskienė, contributed their fiction. After publication of ''Ūkininkas'' was discontinued, it was re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varpas
''Varpas'' (literally: ''The Bell'') was a monthly Lithuanian-language newspaper published during the Lithuanian press ban from January 1889 to December 1905. Because its publication was illegal in Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, it was printed in Tilsit (current Sovetsk) and Ragnit (current Neman) in German East Prussia and smuggled into Lithuania by the knygnešiai (book smugglers). ''Varpas'', with circulation of about 500 to 1,000 copies, played a pivotal role in the Lithuanian National Revival. ''Tautiška giesmė'', one of poems by founder and editor Vincas Kudirka written to commemorate the 10th anniversary of ''Varpas'', became the Lithuanian national anthem.Classic Lithuanian Literature Anthology Editorial staff of ''Varpas'' later started two more specialized publications: more practical '' Ūkininkas'' (''The Farmer'', 1890–1905) for less educated peasants and apolitical '' Naujienos'' (''News'', 1901–1903) for general public. History After the first n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhyme
A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (usually the exact same phonemes) in the final Stress (linguistics), stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of rhyming (''perfect rhyming'') is consciously used for a musical or aesthetic effect in the final position of Line (poetry), lines within poems or songs. More broadly, a rhyme may also variously refer to other types of similar sounds near the ends of two or more words. Furthermore, the word ''rhyme'' has come to be sometimes used as a pars pro toto, shorthand term for any brief poem, such as a nursery rhyme or Balliol rhyme. Etymology The word derives from or , which might be derived from , a Germanic term meaning "series", or "sequence" attested in Old English (Old English: meaning "enumeration", series", or "numeral") and , ultimately cognate to , ( "number"). Alternatively, the Old French words may derive from , from (, rhythm). The spelling ''rhyme'' (from the original r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladas Putvinskis
Vladas Putvinskis or Vladas Pūtvis (6 October 1873 – 5 March 1929) was a Lithuanians, Lithuanian paramilitary leader, one of the founders and first chairman of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. Born to a family of Lithuanian nobles, Putvinskis inherited manors in and that had about of land. He briefly studied agriculture at the University of Halle but had to return to Lithuania to work at his estates. He fully supported the Lithuanian National Revival. His home became a gathering place for Lithuanian intellectuals who published the Lithuanian newspaper ''Varpas'' and established the Lithuanian Democratic Party in 1902. Putvinskis also organized large scale Lithuanian book smugglers, smuggling and distribution of the Lithuanian press ban, illegal Lithuanian publications. After the press ban was lifted, he smuggled weapons and provided shelter for various political activists hiding from the Tsarist police. Putvinskis was arrested in 1906 and spent a few months in prison. In 191 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sofija Pšibiliauskienė
Sofija Pšibiliauskienė ''née'' Ivanauskaitė (; September 16, 1867 in Akmenė District Municipality, Paragiai, Shavelsky Uyezd, Kovno Governorate – March 15, 1926 in Paragiai) and Marija Lastauskienė were two Lithuanian sister writers of Polish people, Polish origin, using the same pen name ''Lazdynų Pelėda'' (''Hazel Owl''). Biography Pšibiliauskienė was born to an impractical painter of szlachta, Polish–Lithuanian nobility stock. Pšibiliauskienė did not have formal education and self-educated reading various sentimental novels by Polish authors. In 1891, she married their neighbor landowner Rapolas Pšibiliauskas (), but the marriage was not happy. In 1903, with two small children, Pšibiliauskienė moved out to Vilnius. She took random jobs as a bookstore saleswoman, seamstress, pharmacy assistant, but still barely managed to avoid poverty. In 1914, she moved to Kaunas, where she fell ill with tuberculosis. She then returned to her childhood home in Paragiai, wher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė
Gabrielė Petkevičaitė (18 March 1861 – 14 June 1943) was a Lithuanian educator, writer, and activist. Her pen name Bitė (''Bee'') eventually became part of her last name. Encouraged by Povilas Višinskis, she joined public life and started her writing career in 1890, becoming a prominent member of the Lithuanian National Revival. She was the founder and chair of the Žiburėlis society to provide financial aid to struggling students, one of the editors of the newspaper ''Lietuvos žinios'', and an active member of the women's movement. In 1920, she was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania and chaired its first session. Her Literary realism, realist writing centered on exploring the negative impact of the social inequality. Her largest work, two-part novel ''Ad astra'' (1933), depicts the rising Lithuanian National Revival. Together with Žemaitė, she co-wrote several plays. Her diary, kept during World War I, was published in 1925–1931 and 2008–2011. Biogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Žemaitė
Žemaitė (, , "Samogitian woman") was the pen name of Julija Beniuševičiūtė-Žymantienė ( – 7 December 1921). She was a Lithuanian/Samogitian writer, democrat and educator. Born to impoverished gentry, she became one of the major participants in the Lithuanian National Revival. She wrote about peasant life in the style best described as realism. Life Žemaitė was born in a manor house near Plungė in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire. Her father Antanas Beniuševičius (died 1878) served as a manor steward and her mother Julijana Sciepuraitė (died 1874) was a housekeeper. Žemaitė had three sisters. As a child, she was forbidden by her parents to play with the children of serfs or learn the Lithuanian language. Like many of the Lithuanian nobility, her parents had become Polonized, and were of the belief that speaking Lithuanian was a step backward socially, so her parents used the surname Bieniuszewicz and the Polish language in everyday life, and they al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers. Conceptually, the intelligentsia status class arose in the late 18th century, during the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). Etymologically, the 19th-century Polish intellectual Bronisław Trentowski coined the term (intellectuals) to identify and describe the university-educated and professionally active social stratum of the patriotic bourgeoisie; men and women whose intellectualism would provide moral and political leadership to Poland in opposing the cultural hegemony of the Russian Empire. Before the Russian Revolution, the term () identified and described the status class of university-educated people whose cultural capital (schooling, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustinas Janulaitis
Augustinas Janulaitis (1878–1950) was a Lithuanian attorney, judge, and university professor who specialized in the legal history of Lithuania. Janulatis studied law at the University of Moscow but was expelled for participating in the 1899 Russian student strike. He was active in Lithuanian public life. He Lithuanian book smugglers, smuggled and distributed prohibited Lithuanian press and performed in ''America in the Bathhouse'', the first Lithuanian play staged in Palanga. For such activities, he was arrested by the Okhrana, Tsarist police but escaped to East Prussia in 1902 and later Switzerland. He joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania in 1901 and edited its newspaper ''Darbininkų balsas (East Prussia), Darbininkų balsas''. He returned to Lithuania in 1906 and managed to complete his law degree at the University of Moscow in 1907. He then worked as an attorney and was active in public life in Vilnius. At the start of the Lithuanian–Soviet War in December 1918 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Ruble
The ruble or rouble (; Currency symbol, symbol: ₽; ISO 4217, ISO code: RUB) is the currency of the Russia, Russian Federation. Banknotes and coins are issued by the Central Bank of Russia, which is Russia's central bank, monetary authority independent of all other government bodies.wikisource:en:Constitution of Russia#Article 75, Article 75 - Constitution of the Russian Federation (English translation) The ruble is the second-oldest currency in continuous use and the first Decimalisation, decimal currency. The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire, which was replaced by the Soviet ruble (code: SUR) during the Soviet Union, Soviet period. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, by 1992, the Soviet ruble was replaced in the Russian Federation by the Russian ruble (code: RUR) Par value, at par. The Russian ruble then further continued to be used in 11 post-Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone" until 1993. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
