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Johannes F. Coy
Johannes F. Coy (born December 15, 1963, in Otzberg im Odenwald) is a German biologist and cancer researcher. He is the discoverer of the genes TKTL1 and DNaseX (Apo10). According to the latest findings in evolutionary research, TKTL1 is a key gene that has triggered increased neuron formation in the neocortex and structural improvements in the brain compared to Neanderthals, thus enabling the cognitive achievements of modern humans (homo sapiens). The evolutionary significance of TKTL1 was confirmed through studies by Nobel laureate Svante Pääbo and his research group at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. In collaboration with Wieland B. Huttner, they demonstrated that the TKTL1 gene, discovered by Johannes F. Coy, exhibits a single amino acid substitution in modern humans, leading to increased neurogenesis compared to Neanderthals. Life and scientific work Johannes Coy began his biology studies at the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen in 1985, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otzberg
Otzberg is a municipality in the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg, located in the Odenwald forest region of Germany. It was founded in 1972 by the merger of six former independent municipalities. Otzberg consists of seven villages: Habitzheim, Hering, Lengfeld with Zipfen, Nieder-Klingen, Ober-Klingen and Ober-Nauses, and Schloss-Nauses. One place of interest in Otzberg is its eponymous castle, a medieval fortress that was first mentioned in 1231. It is widely known for its white tower. The castle itself has been slowly reconstructed to resemble its medieval appearance. Partners * Lencloître, Département Vienne, France, since 1983 * Langenweißbach, Landkreis Zwickauer Land, Germany, since 1990 Geography Location The town is located in the northern Odenwald in southern Hesse. The Otzberg, an extinct volcano, rises above the village, reaching a height of 367 m above sea level. In clear conditions one can see from here to Frankfurt am Main and the Taunus The Taunus ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odenwald
The Odenwald () is a low mountain range in the Germany, German states of Hesse, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. Location The Odenwald is located between the Upper Rhine Plain with the Bergstraße Route, Bergstraße and the ''Hessisches Ried'' (the northeastern section of the Rhine rift) to the west, the Main (river), Main and the Bauland (a mostly unwooded area with good soils) to the east, the Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin – a subbasin of the Upper Rhine Rift Valley in the Rhine-Main Lowlands – to the north and the Kraichgau to the south. The part south of the Neckar valley is sometimes called the ''Kleiner Odenwald'' ("Little Odenwald"). The northern and western Odenwald belong to southern Hesse, with the south stretching into Baden. In the northeast, a small part lies in Lower Franconia in Bavaria. Geology The Odenwald, along with other parts of the Central German Uplands, belongs to the Variscan orogeny, Variscan, which more than 300 million years ago in the Carbonife ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cancer Research
Cancer research is research into cancer to identify causes and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure. Cancer research ranges from epidemiology, molecular bioscience to the performance of clinical trials to evaluate and compare applications of the various cancer treatments. These applications include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and combined treatment modalities such as chemo-radiotherapy. Starting in the mid-1990s, the emphasis in clinical cancer research shifted towards therapies derived from biotechnology research, such as cancer immunotherapy and gene therapy. Cancer research is done in academia, research institutes, and corporate environments, and is largely government funded. History Cancer research has been ongoing for centuries. Early research focused on the causes of cancer. Percivall Pott identified the first environmental trigger (chimney soot) for cancer in 1775 and cigarette smoking was ide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TKTL1
Transketolase-like-1 (TKTL1) is a gene closely related to the transketolase gene (TKT). It emerged in mammals during the course of evolution and, according to the latest research findings, is considered one of the Evolution of the brain#Genetic factors of recent evolution, key genes that distinguishes modern humans (''Homo sapiens'') from Neanderthal, Neanderthals. However, some modern humans also exhibit the "archaic" transketolase-like-1 allele attributed to Neanderthals, with no known effects. The proteins formed by the two transketolase genes form a heterodimer (TKTL1-TKT). Once expressed, the TKTL1 protein displaces a TKT protein from the TKT-TKT homodimer, leading to the formation of a TKTL1-TKT heterodimer. This heterodimer is enzymatically very different from the transketolase homodimer (TKT-TKT), as the heterodimer leads to a significant increase in Ribose 5-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate in cells. TKTL1 also allows formation of acetyl-CoA, an important component for the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNaseX
Deoxyribonuclease-1-like 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DNASE1L1'' gene. It is also known as DNaseX due to its localisation on the X chromosome. This gene encodes a member of the deoxyribonuclease family and the protein and DNA shows high sequence similarity to lysosomal DNase I. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding the same protein, have been characterized. The DNase1L1/DNaseX gene was discovered in the early 1990s by Johannes F. Coy as a member of the ''Molecular Genome Analysis'' research project at the DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) in Heidelberg and first published in 1996. Just like the DNase I enzyme produced by the DNase I gene, the DNase1L1 (DNaseX) enzyme produced by the DNase1L1 (DNaseX) gene cuts double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecular chains into pieces. The cutting of DNA into 300-base pair pieces represents the final step in the execution of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Cells can then no longer perform ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, and language. The neocortex is further subdivided into the true isocortex and the proisocortex. In the human brain, the cerebral cortex consists of the larger neocortex and the smaller allocortex, respectively taking up 90% and 10%. The neocortex is made up of six layers, labelled from the outermost inwards, I to VI. Etymology The term is from ''cortex'', Latin, " bark" or "rind", combined with ''neo-'', Greek, "new". ''Neopallium'' is a similar hybrid, from Latin ''pallium'', "cloak". ''Isocortex'' and ''allocortex'' are hybrids with Greek ''isos'', "same", and ''allos'', "other". Anatomy The neocortex is the most developed in its organisation and number of layers, of the cerebral tissues. The neocortex cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neanderthal
Neanderthals ( ; ''Homo neanderthalensis'' or sometimes ''H. sapiens neanderthalensis'') are an extinction, extinct group of archaic humans who inhabited Europe and Western and Central Asia during the Middle Pleistocene, Middle to Late Pleistocene. Neanderthal extinction occurred roughly 40,000 years ago with the immigration of modern humans (Cro-Magnons), but Neanderthals in Gibraltar may have persisted for thousands of years longer. The first recognised Neanderthal fossil, Neanderthal 1, was discovered in 1856 in the Neander Valley, Germany. At first, Neanderthal 1 was considered to be one of the racial hierarchy, lower races in accord with historical race concepts. As more fossils were discovered through the early 20th century, Neanderthals became characterised most especially by Marcellin Boule as a unique species of underdeveloped human. By the mid-20th century, human evolution was described as progressing from an apelike ancestor, through a "Neanderthal phase", ending ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homo Sapiens
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing#Evolution of hairlessness, hairlessness, bipedality, bipedalism, and high Human intelligence, intelligence. Humans have large Human brain, brains, enabling more advanced cognitive skills that facilitate successful adaptation to varied environments, development of sophisticated tools, and formation of complex social structures and civilizations. Humans are Sociality, highly social, with individual humans tending to belong to a Level of analysis, multi-layered network of distinct social groups — from families and peer groups to corporations and State (polity), political states. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of Value theory, values, norm (sociology), social norms, languages, and traditions (co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Svante Pääbo
Svante Pääbo (; born 20 April 1955) is a Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate who specialises in the field of evolutionary genetics. As one of the founders of paleogenetics, he has worked extensively on the Neanderthal genome. In 1997, he became founding director of the Department of Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Since 1999, he has been an honorary professor at Leipzig University; he currently teaches molecular evolutionary biology at the university. He is also an adjunct professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. In 2022, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution". Education and early life Pääbo was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1955 and grew up there with his mother, Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo (; 1925–2013), who had escaped from the Soviet invasion in 1944 and arrived in Sweden as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Planck Institute For Evolutionary Anthropology
The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (, shortened to MPI EVA) is a research institute based in Leipzig, Germany, that was founded in 1997. It is part of the Max Planck Society network. Well-known scientists currently based at the institute include founding director Svante Pääbo and Johannes Krause (genetics), Christophe Boesch (primatology), Jean-Jacques Hublin (evolutionary anthropology, human evolution), Richard McElreath (evolutionary ecology), and Russell Gray (linguistic and cultural evolution). Departments The institute comprises six departments, several Research Groups, and The Leipzig School of Human Origins. Currently, approximately 375 people are employed at the institute. The former department of Linguistics, which existed from 1998 to 2015, was closed in May 2015, upon the retirement of its director, Bernard Comrie. The former department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology operated from 1998 to 2018 under director Michael Tomasello. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wieland B
Wieland is a Germanic name, from ''wela'', "battle", and ''nand'', "brave". The English form is Wayland. * Weyland the Smith, a smith in Germanic mythology Given name *Wieland Wagner (1917–1966), grandson of Richard Wagner Surname *Alon Wieland (1935–2022), American businessman and politician *Christoph Martin Wieland (1733–1813), German poet *Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957), Nobel Prize–winning German chemist *Jan Müller-Wieland (born 1966), German composer *Joe Wieland (born 1990), American baseball player * Johann Wieland (born 1972), Austrian ski mountaineer * Liza Wieland (born 1960), American novelist *Melchior Wieland (c. 1520–1589), Prussian herbalist *Paul Wieland (born 1962), American politician *Rainer Wieland (born 1957), German politician *Wolfgang Wieland (1948–2023), German lawyer and politician Other * ''Wieland'' (novel), a 1798 novel by Charles Brockden Brown See also * Wayland (other) * Weyland (other) * Weiland (disambiguat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes ( ; ; ) are awards administered by the Nobel Foundation and granted in accordance with the principle of "for the greatest benefit to humankind". The prizes were first awarded in 1901, marking the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel, Alfred Nobel's death. The original Nobel Prizes covered five fields: Nobel Prize in Physics, physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, physiology or medicine, Nobel Prize in Literature, literature, and Nobel Peace Prize, peace, specified in Nobel's will. A sixth prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) in memory of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.Nobel Prize#Shalev69, Shalev, p. 8. Except in extraordinary circumstances, such as war, all six prizes are given annually. Each recipient, known as a laur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
