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Johann Gerhard Reinhard Andreae
Johann Gerhard Reinhard Andreae (ca. 17 December 1724 – 1 May 1793), often known as J.G.R. Andreae or I.G.R. Andreae, was a Kingdom of Hanover, Hanoverian natural scientist, chemist, geologist, court pharmacist (''Hofapotheker'') and Alchemy, alchemist in the Age of Enlightenment. Internationally noted as a polymath, he was known throughout Europe particularly for his extensive natural history collections and for his pioneering and influential scientific work on soil and their uses for modern agriculture. He was a correspondent and collaborator of many of the great scientists of the day, such as Benjamin Franklin, Pieter van Musschenbroek and George Shaw (biologist), George Shaw. The genus ''Andreaea'', the type genus of the family Andreaeaceae of mosses, was named in his honour by his friend, the botanist Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart. Andreae was also noted as one of the major benefactors in Hanover in his lifetime. Biography He was born in Hanover, the son and one of two child ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Georg Ziesenis
Johann Georg Ziesenis (1716 – 4 March 1776) was a German– Danish portrait painter. Early life and education Ziesenis' father Johan Jürgen Ziesenis was a painter from Hanover, who was granted Danish citizenship in Copenhagen in 1709 and whose works included ''Baptism of Christ'' (173) for Copenhagen's Garrison Church. After drawing lessons from his father, Johann lived in Düsseldorf, where he received further training and painted several portraits of the royal family. Career In 1764, Ziesenis became court painter in Hanover and in 1766, he was granted 400 kroner by the Danish king "for travel and other expenses". In 1768, he was in The Netherlands, where he produced portraits of William V, his wife and family. He also worked for the courts in Brunswick and Berlin and his daughters Maria and Margaretha were also painters. Ziesenis created around 260 portraits and other paintings and sketches in the course of his life, including ones of Crown Prince Frederik in 1767, now ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Louis, Duke Of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Christian Louis (; 25 February 1622 – 15 March 1665) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A member of the House of Welf, from 1641 until 1648, he ruled the Principality of Calenberg, a subdivision of the duchy, and, from 1648 until his death, the Principality of Lüneburg. Early life and marriage Christian Louis was born in Herzberg am Harz on 25 February 1622. In 1641, he inherited the Principality of Calenberg from his father, Duke George of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who had suddenly died. Like his father, he resided at the Leineschloss in Hanover. When in 1648, he also inherited the Principality of Lüneburg from his uncle, Frederick IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both subdivisions were ruled in personal union. However, Christian Louis gave Calenberg to his younger brother George William, and instead ruled the larger territory of Lüneburg at Celle Castle. In 1642, Christian Louis became a member of the Fruitbearing Society. He married Sophia Dorothea, daughter of Duke Phil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hot Spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a Spring (hydrology), spring produced by the emergence of Geothermal activity, geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow bodies of magma (molten rock) or by circulation through fault (geology), faults to hot rock deep in the Earth's crust. Hot spring water often contains large amounts of dissolved minerals. The chemistry of hot springs ranges from acid sulfate springs with a pH as low as 0.8, to alkaline chloride springs saturated with silica, to bicarbonate springs saturated with carbon dioxide and carbonate minerals. Some springs also contain abundant dissolved iron. The minerals brought to the surface in hot springs often feed communities of extremophiles, microorganisms adapted to extreme conditions, and it is possible that life on Earth had its origin in hot springs. Humans have made use of hot springs for bathing, relaxation, or medical therapy for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salt Evaporation Pond
A salt evaporation pond is a shallow artificial salt pan designed to extract salts from sea water or other brines. The salt pans are shallow and expansive, allowing sunlight to penetrate and reach the seawater. Natural salt pans are formed through geologic processes, where evaporating water leaves behind salt deposits. Some salt evaporation ponds are only slightly modified from their natural version, such as the ponds on Great Inagua in the Bahamas, or the ponds in Jasiira, a few kilometres south of Mogadishu, where seawater is trapped and left to evaporate in the sun. During the process of salt winning, seawater or brine is fed into artificially created ponds from which water is drawn out by evaporation, allowing the salt to be subsequently harvested. The ponds also provide a productive resting and feeding ground for many species of waterbirds, which may include endangered species. However, Ghanaian fisheries scientist RoseEmma Mamaa Entsua-Mensah also noted that salt win ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justus Perthes (publishing Company)
Justus Perthes Publishers () was established in 1785 in Gotha, Germany. Justus Perthes was primarily a publisher of geographical and historical atlases and educational wall maps. They published the Almanach de Gotha (German ''Gothaischer Genealogischer Hofkalender'') from 1785 to 1944, and ''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen'' from 1855 to 2004. In 2016 the publisher was dissolved. Almanacs In 1778, Johann Georg Justus Perthes worked as a bookseller in Gotha. He founded the publishing firm ''Justus Perthes'' in September 1785, when he got a fifteen-year lease to publish the ''Almanach de Gotha'', an annual French-language compilation of statistics on nations of the world. This almanac was published from 1763 to 1777 by Carl Wilhelm Ettinger in Gotha. It was only after the second 15-year lease in 1816 that the almanac was published with the Perthes publishing house imprint. The publication of the almanac as a Justus Perthes publication ceased in 1944. In later years, Perthes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Schlichtegroll
Adolf Heinrich Friedrich Schlichtegroll (8 December 1765 in Waltershausen – 4 December 1822 in Munich) was a teacher, scholar and the first biographer of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His brief account of Mozart's life (6000 words) was published in a volume of twelve obituaries Schlichtegroll prepared and called ''Nekrolog auf das Jahr 1791'' ("Necrology for the year 1791"). The book appeared in 1793, two years after Mozart's death. Sources Schlichtegroll had never met Mozart. To obtain information about him, he consulted a friend of Mozart's in Salzburg, Albert von Mölk, who in turn queried Mozart's sister Maria Anna Mozart ("Nannerl").Eisen and Keefe, 337 Nannerl's written reply to his queries survives.Printed in Deutsch (1965); see under "1792" Nannerl also contacted Johann Andreas Schachtner, an old Mozart family friend from the time of Wolfgang's childhood, and he replied with a kindly letter filled with anecdotes and memories, which Nannerl duly forwarded; Schachtner's remarks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hieronymus David Gaubius
Hieronymus David Gaubius (24 February 1705 – 29 November 1780) was a German physician and chemist. Life He was a native of Heidelberg. He studied medicine and sciences at the Universities of University of Harderwijk, Harderwijk and University of Leiden, Leiden, where he was a pupil of Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) and Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697–1770). He earned his degree at Leiden in 1725 with a thesis on psychosomatic medicine called . After graduation he continued his training in Paris, and then practiced medicine in Amsterdam and Deventer. In 1731 Gaubius was invited to Leiden by Boerhaave as a lecturer in chemistry, and in 1734 he became a full professor of medicine and chemistry. Gaubius isolated menthol in 1771. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1764. Works One of his best known works was ''Institutiones Pathologiae medicinalis'', a 1758 textbook on systematic pathology that remained popular for many years. References * * "This article is bas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Andreas Cramer
Johann Andreas Cramer (14 December 1710 – 6 December 1777) was a German metallurgist and chemist who published some of the early ideas on metallurgy and chemistry in his books which included ''Elementa Artis Docimasticae'' (1741). Cramer was born in Quedlinburg where his father was a businessman involved in the iron ore industry. As a child he travelled to mines in the Harz region along with his father and after the death of his father he was taken care of by his brother-in-law Christian George Schwalbe (1691-1791). Schwalbe was a physician with a circle of acquaintances who included chemists and botanists including Linnaeus. Cramer studied law for a semester at Hamburg before moving to Halle to study medicine in 1726. His teachers included George Ernst Stahl (1659-1734). He did not complete his medical studies and took an interest mainly in the chemistry subjects and them moved back to study law while attending chemistry courses at Halle by Juncker and Peter Gericke (1693–175 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals, including the production of metals and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers. Metallurgy is distinct from the craft of metalworking. Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how medicine relies on medical science for technical advancement. A specialist practitioner of metallurgy is known as a metallurgist. The science of metallurgy is further subdivided into two broad categories: chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy. Chemical metallurgy is chiefly concerned with the reduction and oxidation of metals, and the chemical performance of metals. Subjects of study in chemical metallurgy include mineral processing, the extraction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. History Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval History of China, China, and Sanskrit texts from History of India, ancient India and the ancient Islamic world. Books on the subject included the ''Naturalis Historia, Natural History'' of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) by Persian scientist Al-Biruni. The German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Heinrich Pott
Johann Heinrich Pott (6 October 1692 – 29 March 1777) was a Prussian physician, chemist, and a glass and porcelain technologist. He is considered a pioneer of pyrochemistry. He examined the elements bismuth and manganese apart from attempting improvements to glass and porcelain production. Biography Pott was born in Halberstadt, son of the royal councillor Johann Andreas Pott (1662–1729) and Dorothea Sophia daughter of Andreas Machenau. He studied at the cathedral school in Halberstadt and Francke's pedagogium before studying theology at the University of Halle. He then shifted to study medicine and chemistry under Georg Ernst Stahl. In 1713 he studied assaying at Mansfield under mining master Lages. He spent two years along with two of his brothers as travelling evangelists for the Community of True Inspiration but he left the sect in 1715 and returned to study chemistry at Halle, receiving a doctorate in 1716 on sulfur under Friedrich Hoffmann. He worked as a physician ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celle
Celle () is a town and capital of the district of Celle (district), Celle in Lower Saxony, in north-central Germany. The town is situated on the banks of the river Aller (Germany), Aller, a tributary of the Weser, and has a population of about 71,000. Celle is the southern gateway to the Lüneburg Heath, has a castle (''Schloss Celle'') built in the Renaissance and Baroque styles and a picturesque old town centre (the ''Altstadt'') with more than 400 timber framing, timber-framed houses, making Celle one of the most remarkable members of the German Timber-Frame Road. From 1378 to 1705 Celle was the official residence of the Lüneburg branch of the dukes of Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Brunswick-Lüneburg (House of Welf), who had been banished from their original ducal seat by its townsfolk. Geography The town of Celle lies in the glacial valley of the Aller (Germany), Aller, about northeast of Hanover, northwest of Braunschweig, Brunswick and south of Hamburg. With 71,000 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
