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Jewish National Bloc
The Jewish National Bloc ( lv, Ebreju nacionālais bloks) was a political alliance in Latvia in the 1920s. It consisted of Histadruth Hacionith, the Jewish National Democratic Party and .Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1134 History The bloc contested the 1920 Constitutional Assembly elections as the Jewish Bloc, winning five seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1137 For the 1922 elections it changed its name to the Jewish National Bloc, but won only two seats in the 1st Saeima. The bloc was later disbanded, with the three parties contesting the 1925 elections alone. Mizrachi won a single seat in the 2nd Saeima, whilst the other two failed to pass the electoral threshold. See also *Jews in Latvia * Agudas Israel *Ceire Cion Ceire Cion ( he, צעירי ציון, "Youth of Zion"), sometimes called the Zionist Party or Ethnic Socialist Party, was a centre-left Jewish political party in Latvia during the inter-war period. It was led by jurist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latvia
Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the Baltic states; and is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of , with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts; and speak Latvian, one of the only two surviving Baltic languages. Russians are the most prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population. After centuries of Teutonic, Swedish, Polish-Lithuanian and Russian rule, which was mainly executed by the local Baltic German aristocracy, the independent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dieter Nohlen
Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expert on electoral systems and political development, he has published several books. IDEA Bibliography Books published by Nohlen include: *''Electoral systems of the world'' (in German, 1978) *''Lexicon of politics'' (seven volumes) *''Elections and Electoral Systems'' (1996) *''Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook'' (1999 with Michael Krennerich and Bernhard Thibaut) *''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook'' (2001 with and Christof Hartmann) ** ''Volume 2: South East Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific'' (2002), *''Vo ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1920 Latvian Constitutional Assembly Election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Latvia on 17 and 18 April 1920.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1122 The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party emerged as the largest party in the Constitutional Assembly, winning 57 of the 150 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1137 The elections were boycotted by communist parties.Nohlen & Stöver, p1103 The Constitutional Assembly was responsible for drafting a constitution, which was approved on 15 February and promulgated on 7 November 1922. Results References {{Latvian elections Latvia Constitutional Assembly A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ... Parliamentary elections in Latvia Independence of Latvia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1922 Latvian Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Latvia on 7 and 8 October 1922.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1122 The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party remained the largest party, winning 30 of the 100 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1143 Electoral system For the elections the country was divided into five constituencies, electing a total of 97 MPs using proportional representation. The three remaining seats were awarded to the parties with the highest vote totals that had failed to win a seat in any of the five constituencies.Nohlen & Stöver, p1113 The list system used was made flexible, as voters were able to cross out candidates' names and replace them with names from other lists. However, only 19.97% of voters made any changes to the lists. To register a list for the election parties needed only collect 100 signatures.Nohlen & Stöver, p1105 A total of 88 lists registered, but only 43 contested the election. There was no voter roll, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1st Saeima
The 1st Saeima was the parliament of Latvia from November 7, 1922 until November 2, 1925. It was the first Saeima to be elected after the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia had created the Constitution of Latvia and the Elections Law. Social-Democrat Frīdrihs Vesmanis was Speaker of the Saeima until March 17, 1925 followed by Social Democrat Pauls Kalniņš. The 1st Saeima gave confidence to the 1st cabinet of Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (July 20, 1922 – January 26, 1923), cabinet of Jānis Pauļuks (January 27, 1923 – June 27, 1923), 2nd cabinet of Meierovics (28 June 1923 – 26 January 1924), cabinet of Voldemārs Zāmuēls (January 25, 1924 – December 17, 1924) and the 1st cabinet of Hugo Celmiņš (December 19, 1924 – December 23, 1925). Elections and parties 1st Saeima elections were held on October 7–8, 1922 and 82,2% (800,840 people) of eligible voters participated. Due to the liberal Elections law, 20 parties were elected to the 100 seats, representing all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1925 Latvian Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Latvia on 3 and 4 October 1925.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1122 The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party remained the largest party, winning 32 of the 100 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1143 Electoral system For the elections the country was divided into five constituencies, electing a total of 97 MPs using proportional representation. The three remaining seats were awarded to the parties with the highest vote totals that had failed to win a seat in any of the five constituencies.Nohlen & Stöver, p1113 The list system used was made flexible, as voters were able to cross out candidates' names and replace them with names from other lists. However, only 26.03% of voters made any changes to the lists. To register a list for the election parties needed only collect 100 signatures.Nohlen & Stöver, p1105 A total of 141 lists were registered, although only 93 competed. Results References {{Latv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2nd Saeima
2nd Saeima was the parliament of Latvia from November 3, 1925, until November 5, 1928. The Social Democrat Pauls Kalniņš continued to hold the post of Speaker of the Saeima to which he was first elected during the 1st Saeima. 2nd Saeima gave confidence to the second cabinet of Kārlis Ulmanis (December 24, 1925 – May 6, 1926), cabinet of Arturs Alberings (May 7, 1926 – December 18, 1926), the firsts cabinet of Marģers Skujenieks (December 19, 1926 – January 23, 1928) and cabinet of Pēteris Juraševskis (January 24, 1928 – November 30, 1928). Elections and parties The 2nd Saeima elections were held on October 3–4, 1925, and 74,89% of eligible voters participated. Due to the liberal elections law, 27 parties and candidates lists were elected to the 100 seats, representing all the political and ethnic interest groups of Latvia. *Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party – 32 seats *Latvian Farmers' Union – 16 seats * Democratic Centre and Independents union - 5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Threshold
The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of the primary vote that a candidate or political party requires to achieve before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature. This limit can operate in various ways, e.g. in party-list proportional representation systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature. In Single transferable voting the election threshold is called the quota and not only the first choice but also the next-indicated choices are used to determine whether or not a party passes the electoral threshold (and it is possible to be elected under STV even if a candidate does not pass the election threshold). In MMP systems the election threshold determines which parties are eligible for the top-up seats. The effect of an electoral threshold is to d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jews In Latvia
The history of the Jews in Latvia dates back to the first Jewish colony established in Piltene in 1571. Jews contributed to Latvia's development until the Northern War (1700–1721), which decimated Latvia's population.R. O. G. Urch. Latvia: Country and People. London, Allen & Unwin. 1938. The Jewish community reestablished itself in the 18th century, mainly through an influx from Prussia, and came to play a principal role in the economic life of Latvia. Under an independent Latvia, Jews formed political parties and participated as members of parliament. The Jewish community flourished. Jewish parents had the right to send their children to schools using Hebrew as the language of instruction, as part of a significant network of minority schools. World War II ended the prominence of the Jewish community. Under Stalin, Jews, who formed only 5% of the population, constituted 12% of the deportees.Swain, G. Between Stalin and Hitler. Routledge, New York. 2004. In comparison, 90% o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agudas Israel (Latvia)
Agudas Israel (Hebrew for "Union of Israel") was a political party in Latvia in the inter-war period. Primarily a party of the Orthodox Jews, it was the most conservative of the Jewish parties in the country, seeking to limit the power of state monopolies. It was led by Mordehai Dubin.Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p448 History The party first contested national elections in 1922, when it won two seats in the 1st Saeima.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1143 It retained both seats in the 2nd Saeima after the 1925 elections, but was reduced to one seat in the 1928 elections. The 1931 elections saw the party win two seats in the 4th Saeima. However, after the 1934 Latvian coup d'état multi-party elections were not held again until 1990. See also *History of the Jews in Latvia *Ceire Cion Ceire Cion ( he, צעירי ציון, "Youth of Zion"), sometimes called the Zionist Party or Eth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceire Cion
Ceire Cion ( he, צעירי ציון, "Youth of Zion"), sometimes called the Zionist Party or Ethnic Socialist Party, was a centre-left Jewish political party in Latvia during the inter-war period. It was led by jurist Max Lazerson. The party combined the ideas of Zionism and democratic socialism. One of the party's goals was to create a Jewish state in Palestine. History The party won a single seat in the 1920 Constitutional Assembly elections.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1137 It retained its seat in the 1922, 1925 and 1928 elections, but missed out on a seat in the 1931 elections by 50 votes. Later in 1931 it merged with the Latvian Organisation of Zionist Socialists to form the Zionist-Socialist Party., In: ''Latvijas ebreju kopiena: Vēsture, traģēdija, atdzimšana'' (''The Jewish Community of Latvia: History, Tragedy, Revival''), , 2001, ,English translation See also * Tze'irei Zion *History of the Jews in Latvia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Parties Of Minorities In Latvia
Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science. It may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and nonviolent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but also often carries a negative connotation.. The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or limitedly, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising internal and external force, including wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
