Jean-Jacques Willmar
Jean-Jacques Madeleine Willmar (; 6 March 1792 – 20 November 1866) was a Luxembourgish politician and jurist. An Orangist, he served as prime minister of Luxembourg for five years, from 6 December 1848 until 23 September 1853. Born in 1792 in the city of Luxembourg, he was the son of Jean-Georges Willmar, who was governor of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg from 1817 to 1830.Thewes, Guy"Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848". Service information et presse du gouvernment. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Centrale, 2011. p. 16-19 In 1814 he received his Licence in Law in Paris, and became a lawyer at the bar of Luxembourg city. He was appointed a judge in 1824. From 1830 to 1839, after the Belgian Revolution, he supported the Dutch King William I, during a period when a large part of Luxembourg wanted to join the new Belgian state. In 1840 he was appointed ''Procureur général''. From 1841 to 1848 he was a member of the Assembly of Estates, and in 1848 was th ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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List Of Prime Ministers Of Luxembourg
The prime minister of Luxembourg (; ; ) is the head of government of Luxembourg. The prime minister leads the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and appoints its ministers. Since 1989, the title of ''Prime minister, Prime Minister'' has been an official one, although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time. Between 1857 and 1989, the prime minister was styled the ''President of the Government'', with the exception of the 25-day premiership of Mathias Mongenast.Thewes (2003), p. 65 Before 1857, the prime minister was the ''President of the Council of Ministers, President of the Council''. In addition to these titles, the prime minister uses the title ''Minister of State'', although this is usually relegated to a secondary title. This is a list of prime ministers and governments since the post was founded, in 1848. In larger font are the dates of the prime ministers entering and leaving office. The smaller dates, during the respective pr ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Assembly Of Estates
The Assembly of Estates (, ) was the legislature of Luxembourg from 1841 to 1848, and again from 1856 to 1868. Background and role The Congress of Vienna awarded the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg to the King of the Netherlands in personal union, as his private property, though it also became part of the German Confederation. King William I therefore became King-Grand Duke. However, he administered Luxembourg essentially as part of the Netherlands, and Luxembourg was represented in the Dutch States General from 1816. In the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the southern provinces of the Netherlands split off to become the Kingdom of Belgium; many Luxembourgers wished to become part of this new Belgian state as well. In the 1839 Treaty of London, however, a compromise was found: the large, mostly French-speaking part of Luxembourg became part of Belgium, as the province of Luxembourg. The remaining, German-speaking part of Luxembourg became the Grand-Duchy of today, and remained under the Du ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet
François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet (16 April 1801 – 4 February 1885) was a Luxembourgish politician, jurist, and archaeologist. Born in Luxembourg City, he studied law in Liège and then became a lawyer, judge, prosecutor and in 1848 president of the Superior Court. From 1845 to 1848 he was a member of the Assembly of Estates. He was elected to represent the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette on the Constituent Assembly, in 1848. An Orangist, he served in the cabinet of Charles-Mathias Simons as Administrator-General for Justice from 1853 to 1856, and as Administrator-General for the Interior from 1856 to 1858. Thewes, Guy"Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848". Service information et presse du gouvernment. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Centrale, 2011. p. 21-22 He later was a member of the Council of State from 6 October 1858 to 4 February 1885, and was its President from 1870 until 1871. Wurth-Pacquet was the founding President of Luxembourg's Archaeological Association, ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Minister For Justice Of Luxembourg
The minister for justice (Luxembourgish: ''Justizminister''; ; German: ''Justizminister'') is a position in the government of Luxembourg. Among other competences, the minister for justice is responsible for prisons, extradition, gambling, and the smooth operation of the judiciary. The position of Minister for Justice has been in continuous existence since the promulgation of Luxembourg's first constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ..., in 1848. Originally, justice was within the remit of the ''Administrator-General for Foreign Affairs, Justice, and Religion'' (''Administrateur général des Affaires étrangères, de la Justice et des Cultes''), but justice was separated from this office on 23 September 1853. Since 24 March 1936, the title of ''Minister for Ju ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Minister For Foreign Affairs Of Luxembourg
The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Defence, Development Cooperation and Foreign Trade (, MAE), commonly referred to as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a ministry of the government of Luxembourg, which comprises a general secretariat and eight directorates. The ministry is headquartered in the ''Bâtiment Mansfeld'' in Luxembourg City. The office of Minister of Foreign Affairs is customarily given to a member of the junior party in a coalition, and usually coincides with that of Deputy Prime Minister. For instance, LSAP politicians Jacques Poos and Jean Asselborn served a combined 34 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs in CSV and DP-led governments, 24 of which as Deputy Prime Minister. Beginning The position of Minister for Foreign Affairs has been in continuous existence since the promulgation of Luxembourg's first constitution, in 1848. Until 1937, the position was held concurrently by the Prime Minister, thus ridding it of any true significance as an offi ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Prime Minister Of Luxembourg
The prime minister of Luxembourg (; ; ) is the head of government of Luxembourg. The prime minister leads the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and appoints its ministers. Since 1989, the title of ''Prime Minister'' has been an official one, although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time. Between 1857 and 1989, the prime minister was styled the '' President of the Government'', with the exception of the 25-day premiership of Mathias Mongenast.Thewes (2003), p. 65 Before 1857, the prime minister was the '' President of the Council''. In addition to these titles, the prime minister uses the title ''Minister of State'', although this is usually relegated to a secondary title. This is a list of prime ministers and governments since the post was founded, in 1848. In larger font are the dates of the prime ministers entering and leaving office. The smaller dates, during the respective premierships, are those of the prime ministers' govern ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Willmar Ministry
The Willmar Ministry was in office in Luxembourg from 2 December 1848 to 23 September 1853. Transition The Constitution that resulted from the Revolution of 1848 came into force on 1 August 1848.Thewes (2011), p. 16 On 28 September the first elections to the Chamber of Deputies took place. From the first meeting of the parliament, the Fontaine government faced opposition from the liberals who described him as a "turncoat". When Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine received only a feeble majority in a confidence vote in the Chamber, he decided to resign. Jean-Jacques Madelaine Willmar, the son of the former governor of Luxembourg in the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, was asked to form a new government. Apart from the conservatives Mathias Ulrich and Jean Ulveling, the new prime minister appealed to Norbert Metz, the leader of the radical liberals, who was given the ministries of Finances and the Armed Forces. Composition * Jean-Jacques Willmar: Presi ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Council Of State Of Luxembourg
The Council of State (, , ) is an institution in Luxembourg that advises the national legislature, the Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg, Chamber of Deputies as well as the Government of Luxembourg, Government. Until 1 January 1997, it was also the country's supreme administrative court, but this function was ceded to the newly created Administrative Tribunal and Administrative Court. The Council of State was created by King-Grand Duke William III of the Netherlands, William III in the Luxembourg Coup of 1856, Coup of 1856. It was originally entirely appointed by the Grand Duke, but this was changed in 1866, and, despite the roll-back of many changes brought about by the coup, the Council of State has otherwise remained. Composition The Council of State is composed of twenty-one councillors, who are appointed by the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Grand Duke on the proposal, in order, of the government, the parliament as well as the Council of State. Of these, at least eleven must ho ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Guilder
Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German ''gulden'', originally shortened from Middle High German ''guldin pfenninc'' (" gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empire for the Fiorino d'oro (introduced in 1252 in the Republic of Florence). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with ''florin'' (currency sign ''ƒ'' or ''fl.''). The guilder is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the Dutch Empire. Gold guilder The guilder or gulden was the name of several gold coins used during the Holy Roman Empire. It first referred to the Italian gold florin, introduced in the 13th century. It then referred to the Rhenish gulden (''florenus Rheni'') issued by several states of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century. The Rhenish gulden was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries. Basel minted its own ''Apfelgulden'' between 1 ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Luxembourgish Franc
The Luxembourg franc (''F'' or ISO ''LUF'', ), subdivided into 100 centimes, was the currency of Luxembourg between 1854 and 2002, except from 1941 to 1944. From 1944 to 2002, its value was equal to that of the Belgian franc. The franc remained in circulation until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro. History The conquest of most of western Europe by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France led to the French franc's wide circulation, including in Luxembourg. However, incorporation into the Netherlands in 1815 resulted in the Dutch guilder becoming Luxembourg's currency. Following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands, the Belgian franc was adopted in 1839 and circulated in Luxembourg until 1842 and again from 1848. Between 1842 and 1848, Luxembourg (as part of the German Zollverein) used the Prussian Thaler. In 1854, Luxembourg began issuing its own franc, at par with the Belgian franc (BF/FB). The Luxembourg franc followed the Belgian franc into the Latin Monetary Union ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Prince Henry Of The Netherlands (1820–1879)
Prince William Frederick Henry of the Netherlands (Dutch language, Dutch: Willem Frederik Hendrik; 13 June 1820 – 13 January 1879) was the third son of King William II of the Netherlands and his wife, Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia. He was born at Soestdijk Palace. Prince Henry became Governor of Luxembourg in 1850, in which capacity he served until his death in 1879. During his tenure, he worked with the government to launch the reactionary Luxembourg Coup of 1856, Coup of 1856, which consolidated power in the monarchy and the executive. However, most of the changes were reversed by the new Constitution of Luxembourg, constitution issued in 1868 after the 1867 Luxembourg Crisis, during which the crown tried to sell the grand duchy to France. Career Prince Henry was appointed an officer in the navy in his teens, and served many years, whence the sobriquet ''de Zeevaarder'' ("the Navigator"), after the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator. He visited the Dutch E ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Zollverein
The (), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of States of the German Confederation, German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organized by the 1833 treaties, it formally started on 1 January 1834. However, its foundations had been in development from 1818 with the creation of a variety of custom unions among the German states. By 1866, the included most of the German states. The Zollverein was not part of the German Confederation (1815-1866). The foundation of the was the first instance in history in which independent states consummated a full economic union without the simultaneous creation of a political federation or Political union, union. Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia was the primary driver behind the creation of the customs union. Austrian Empire, Austria was excluded from the because of its highly Protectionism, protectionist trade policy, the unwillingness to split its customs territory into the separate Austrian, Hu ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |