Jasta 8
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 8 was a fighter squadron of the ''Luftstreitkräfte'', the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. Although the ''Jasta'' went out of existence along with its parent units shortly after the Armistice ending World War I, its experiences would strongly influence the subsequent ''Luftwaffe''. History The basis of ''Jagdstaffel 8'' was a small element of single-seat fighters attached to ''Feldflieger Abteilung 6'' at Roulers Aerodrome. It was transferred to FEA 10 at Böblingen for the formation of the new unit on 10 September 1916. The squadron served beyond the Armistice, not disbanding until 3 December 1918. It passed into history at FEA 11, Breslau- Gandau. During its 27-month existence, the squadron scored at least 91 confirmed victories. In turn, it had paid the cost of four pilots killed in action, one killed in a flying accident, and eight wounded in action (two multiply). Commanding officers (''Staffelführer'') # Gustav Stenzel: ...
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German Empire
The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich; . from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the German revolution of 1918–1919, November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a Weimar Republic, republic. The German Empire consisted of States of the German Empire, 25 states, each with its own nobility: four constituent Monarchy, kingdoms, six Grand duchy, grand duchies, five Duchy, duchies (six before 1876), seven Principality, principalities, three Free imperial city, free Hanseatic League, Hanseatic City-state, cities, and Alsace–Lorraine, one imperial territory. While Prussia was one of four kingdoms in the realm, it contained about two-thirds ...
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Beauvois, Pas-de-Calais
Beauvois () is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France. Geography A small village located 30 miles (50 km) west-northwest of Arras at the junction of the D104 with the D99 road. Population The inhabitants are called ''Beauvoisains'' in French. Sights * The church of St. Jean-Baptiste, dating from the nineteenth century. * The statue of Dikembe Mutombo built in 1843. See also * Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department The following is a list of the 887 communes of the Pas-de-Calais department of France. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025):

Albatros D
An albatross is one of a family of large winged seabirds. Albatross or Albatros may also refer to: Animals * Albatross (butterfly) or ''Appias'', a genus of butterfly * Albatross (horse) (1968–1998), a Standardbred horse Literature * Albatross Books, a German publishing house that produced the first modern mass market paperback books * Albatros Literaturpreis, a literary award * "L'albatros" (poem) ("The Albatross"), 1859 poem by Charles Baudelaire * ''The Albatross'' (novella), a 1971 novella by Susan Hill * ''The Albatross'', the fictional propeller-sustained airship in Jules Verne's novel '' Robur the Conqueror'' * ''Albatross'' (novel), a 2019 novel by Terry Fallis * ''Albatross'' (magazine), 1970s lesbian satirical magazine Film and television * Films Albatros, a French film production company which operated between 1922 and 1939 * ''Albatross'' (2011 film), a British film * ''Albatross'' (2015 film), an Icelandic film * ''Albatross'' (2022 film), an Ameri ...
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Rudolf Wendelmuth
Leutnant Rudolf Wendelmuth was a World War I German flying ace credited with 14 aerial victories. Early life Rudolf Wendelmuth was born on 28 July 1890 in Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the German Empire. World War I service In the Levant At break of war, Wendelmuth was posted to the 233rd Reserve Infantry Regiment. He transferred to aviation on 1 March 1915, reporting to FEA 3 in his home town of Gotha for training. His first assignment was to Bulgaria in September. In July 1916, he returned to Cologne to Fokker Commando. He was then posted to FA 8 in Sevdi Koy, Turkey as an acting oberleutnant. While with this unit, he scored his first victory, downing a Royal Naval Air Service Farman off the Turkish coast on 5 November 1916. On the Western Front During Bloody April Bloody April was the (largely successful) British air support operation during the Battle of Arras (1917), Battle of Arras in April 1917, during which particularly heavy casualties were suffered by the Royal ...
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Wilhelm Seitz
''Leutnant'' Wilhelm Anton Seitz was a German World War I flying ace credited with 16 aerial victories. He scored those victories over a two-year span, beginning on 17 November 1916 and ending on 4 November 1918.The Aerodrome website page on SeitRetrieved on 16 September 2020. Aerial service Seitz was already a ''Vizefeldwebel'' when he joined '' Jagdstaffel 8'' on 10 November 1916. He scored his first aerial victory on 17 November. He would account for three more opponents during 1917, and had run his total to ten by the time he transferred out of the squadron. In September 1918, he was appointed to command '' Jagdstaffel 68''. As ''Vizefeldwebel'' is not a command rank, it can be inferred that Seitz had previously been commissioned as ''Leutnant''. Leading his new unit by example, Seitz shot down six more enemy airplanes by the Armistice. He ended the war credited with 16 aerial victories. He had been awarded both classes of the Iron Cross, as well as the Military Karl-Friedri ...
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Rudolf Francke
Leutnant Rudolf Francke was a German World War I flying ace A flying ace, fighter ace or air ace is a military aviation, military aviator credited with shooting down a certain minimum number of enemy aircraft during aerial combat; the exact number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ... credited with 15 aerial victories. Francke joined the German Air Service in 1914. He served with Kampfstaffel 41 (Tactical Bomber Squadron 41) until July 1916. The following month he became a pilot. When Kasta 41 became Schutzstaffel 17 (Protection Squadron 17) on 1 January 1917, he continued to fly with it. He was promoted to Vizefeldwebel on 23 March 1917 and briefly transferred to Jasta 2. After his posting to Jagdstaffel 8 (Fighter Squadron 8), he was awarded the Golden Military Merit Cross on 16 May. He scored his first victory on 3 June 1917. By 23 August 1918, he was officially credited with 14 victories, all scored in service with Jasta 8. A 15th claim, scored o ...
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Walter Göttsch
Leutnant Walter Göttsch HoH, IC (10 June 1896—10 April 1918) was a German World War I flying ace credited with 20 aerial victories. His final combat assignment was commanding '' Jagdstaffel 19'' in '' Jagdgeschwader II.'' Early life and service Walter Göttsch was born in Altour, Germany on 10 June 1896. He volunteered for the German army on 1 July 1915. He was originally assigned to ''Flieger-Abteilung 33'' to fly artillery cooperation missions in Flanders as a Vizefeldwebel.Franks et al 1993, p. 118 Service as a fighter pilot After training as a fighter pilot, Göttsch was assigned to Royal Prussian '' Jagdstaffel 8'' on 10 September 1916. On 4 November 1916, he destroyed a Belgian observation balloon for his first victory. He then scored twice more before winning a momentous dogfight on 7 January 1917; his opponent that day was Thomas Mottershead, who won a posthumous Victoria Cross. Göttsch won a double victory on 1 February, but then was shot down and wounded in ac ...
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Generalleutnant
() is the German-language variant of lieutenant general, used in some German speaking countries. Austria Generalleutnant is the second highest general officer rank in the Austrian Armed Forces (''Bundesheer''), roughly equivalent to the NATO rank of OF-8. Germany ''Generalleutnant'', short ''GenLt'', ('lieutenant general') is the second highest general officer rank in the German Army (''Heer'') and the German Air Force (''Luftwaffe''). This three-star rank in other countries is lieutenant general. Rank in modern Germany The rank is rated Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers, OF-8 in NATO, and is grade B9 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany), Federal Ministry of Defence. It is equivalent to ''Vizeadmiral'' in the German Navy (''Marine''), or to Generaloberstabsarzt, and Admiraloberstabsarzt in the ''Central Medical Services, Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr''. On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there are three golden pips (stars) ...
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Flying Ace
A flying ace, fighter ace or air ace is a military aviation, military aviator credited with shooting down a certain minimum number of enemy aircraft during aerial combat; the exact number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ace varies, but is usually considered to be five or more. The concept of the "Ace (military), ace" emerged in 1915 during World War I, at the same time as aerial dogfighting. It was a propaganda term intended to provide the home front with a cult of the hero in what was otherwise a Attrition warfare, war of attrition. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era. For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation an ...
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Mercy-le-Haut
Mercy-le-Haut () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Albert Lebrun, President of France between 1932 and 1940, was born in the town. See also *Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department The following is a list of the 591 communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department of France. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025):