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J. J. Hopfield
John Joseph Hopfield (born July 15, 1933) is an American physicist and emeritus professor of Princeton University, most widely known for his study of associative neural networks in 1982. He is known for the development of the Hopfield network. Previous to its invention, research in artificial intelligence (AI) was in a decay period or AI winter, Hopfield's work revitalized large-scale interest in this field. In 2024 Hopfield, along with Geoffrey Hinton, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks." He has been awarded various major physics awards for his work in multidisciplinary fields including condensed matter physics, statistical mechanics, statistical physics and biophysics. Biography Early life and education John Joseph Hopfield was born in 1933 in Chicago to physicists John J. Hopfield (spectroscopist), John Joseph Hopfield (born in Poland as Jan Józef Chmielewski) an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicago, Illinois
Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of United States cities by population, third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. As the county seat, seat of Cook County, Illinois, Cook County, the List of the most populous counties in the United States, second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore of Lake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a Chicago Portage, portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Mississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Onuchic
José Nelson Onuchic (born Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian and American physicist, the Harry C & Olga K Wiess Professor of Physics at Rice University. He does research in molecular biophysics, condensed matter chemistry, and genetic networks, and is known for the folding funnel hypothesis stating that the native state of a protein is a deep minimum of free energy for the protein's natural conditions among its possible configurations. He was the college master for Lovett College at Rice University from 2014 to 2019. Education Onuchic studied at the University of São Paulo, where he earned a B.S. degree in electrical engineering (1980) and in physics in 1981. He subsequently earned his Master of Science degree in applied physics in 1982. He studied at the California Institute of Technology under John Hopfield, earning his doctorate in 1987. Academic career After postdoctoral studies at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and a brief faculty position returning to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albert Einstein World Award Of Science
The Albert Einstein World Award for Science is an annual award given by the World Cultural Council "as a means of recognition and encouragement for scientific and technological research and development", with special consideration for researches which "have brought true benefit and wellbeing to mankind". Named for physicist and theoretician Albert Einstein, the award includes a diploma, a commemorative medal, and US$10,000. The recipient of the award is evaluated and elected by an Interdisciplinary Committee, which is composed of world-renowned scientists, among them 25 Nobel laureates. Award recipients *2024 - Eske Willerslev *2023 - Christoph Gerber See also * Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts * José Vasconcelos World Award of Education * Albert Einstein Medal * Albert Einstein Award * Prizes named after people This is a list of awards that are named after people. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harold Pender Award
The Harold Pender Award, initiated in 1972 and named after founding Dean Harold Pender, is given by the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science of the University of Pennsylvania to an outstanding member of the engineering profession who has achieved distinction by significant contributions to society. The Pender Award is the School of Engineering's highest honor. Past recipients * 2018: Yann LeCun, for his work in convolutional neural networks. * 2013: Barbara Liskov, for her work in programming languages, programming methodology and distributed systems. * 2010: Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf, for their pioneering and seminal contributions to network-based information technology, and especially for the design and implementation of the TCP/IP protocol suite, which continues to provide the foundation for the growing Internet * 2006: Mildred Dresselhaus, for pioneering contributions and leadership in the field of carbon-based nanostructures and nanotechnology, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ICTP
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) is a research center for physical and mathematical sciences, located in Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. The center operates under a tripartite agreement between the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is located near the Miramare Park, about 10 kilometres from the downtown of Trieste city, Italy. The centre was founded in 1964 by Pakistani Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam. ICTP is part of the Trieste System, a network of national and international scientific institutes in Trieste, promoted by the Italian physicist Paolo Budinich. Mission * Foster the growth of advanced studies and research in physical and mathematical sciences, especially in support of excellence in developing countries; * Develop high-level scientific programmes keeping in mind the needs of developing countries, and provide an international forum of scientific contact for scientists from all countri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirac Medal (ICTP)
The Dirac Medal of the ICTP is given each year by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in honour of physicist Paul Dirac. The award, announced each year on 8 August (Dirac's birthday), was first awarded in 1985. An international committee of distinguished scientists selects the winners from a list of nominated candidates. The Committee invites nominations from scientists working in the fields of theoretical physics or mathematics. The Dirac Medal of the ICTP is not awarded to Nobel Laureates, Fields Medalists, or Wolf Prize winners. However, several Dirac Medallists have subsequently won one of these awards. The medallists receive a prize of US$5,000. Recipients See also * List of physics awards * List of awards named after people This is a list of awards that are named after people. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U–V W Y Z See also *Lists of awards *List of eponyms *List of awards na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oliver Buckley Prize
The Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize is an annual award given by the American Physical Society "to recognize and encourage outstanding theoretical or experimental contributions to condensed matter physics." It was endowed by AT&T Bell Laboratories as a means of recognizing outstanding scientific work. The prize is named in honor of Oliver Ellsworth Buckley, a former president of Bell Labs. Before 1982, it was known as the Oliver E. Buckley Solid State Prize. It is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of condensed matter physics. The prize is normally awarded to one person but may be shared if multiple recipients contributed to the same accomplishments. Nominations are active for three years. The prize was endowed in 1952 and first awarded in 1953. Since 2012, the prize has been co-sponsored by HTC-VIA Group. Recipients See also * List of physics awards A list is a set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinetic Proofreading
Kinetic proofreading (or kinetic amplification) is a mechanism for error correction in biochemical reactions, proposed independently by John Hopfield (1974) and Jacques Ninio (1975). Kinetic proofreading allows enzymes to discriminate between two possible reaction pathways leading to correct or incorrect products with an accuracy higher than what one would predict based on the difference in the activation energy between these two pathways. Increased specificity is obtained by introducing an irreversible step exiting the pathway, with reaction intermediates leading to incorrect products more likely to prematurely exit the pathway than reaction intermediates leading to the correct product. If the exit step is fast relative to the next step in the pathway, the specificity can be increased by a factor of up to the ratio between the two exit rate constants. (If the next step is fast relative to the exit step, specificity will not be increased because there will not be enough time for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polariton
In physics, polaritons are bosonic quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid or liquid matter (such as a phonon, plasmon, or an exciton). Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance. They are an expression of level repulsion (quantum phenomenon), also known as the avoided crossing principle. To this extent polaritons can be thought of as the new normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. Bosonic quasiparticles are distinct from polarons (fermionic quasiparticle), which is an electron plus an attached phonon cloud. Polaritons violate the weak coupling limit and the associated photons do not propagate freely in crystals. Instead, propagation speed depends strongly on the frequency of the photon. Significant exper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hopfield Dielectric
In quantum mechanics, the Hopfield dielectric is a model of dielectric consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators interacting with the modes of the quantum electromagnetic field. The collective interaction of the charge polarization modes with the vacuum excitations, photons leads to the perturbation of both the linear dispersion relation of photons and constant dispersion of charge waves by the avoided crossing between the two dispersion lines of polaritons. Similar to the acoustic and the optical phonons and far from the resonance one branch is photon-like while the other charge is wave-like. The model was developed by John Hopfield in 1958. Theory The Hamiltonian of the quantized Lorentz dielectric consisting of N harmonic oscillators interacting with the quantum electromagnetic field can be written in the dipole approximation as: :H=\sum\limits_^N+^2- e\cdot E(r_A) +\sum\limits_^2\int d^3ka_^+ a_\hbar c k where :E(r_A)=\sum\limits_^2\int d^3k []^ [e_\lambda(k)a_\lambda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Hopfield Network
Modern Hopfield networks (also known as Dense Associative Memories) are generalizations of the classical Hopfield networks that break the linear scaling relationship between the number of input features and the number of stored memories. This is achieved by introducing stronger non-linearities (either in the energy function or neurons’ activation functions) leading to super-linear (even an exponential) memory storage capacity as a function of the number of feature neurons. The network still requires a sufficient number of hidden neurons. The key theoretical idea behind the modern Hopfield networks is to use an energy function and an update rule that is more sharply peaked around the stored memories in the space of neuron’s configurations compared to the classical Hopfield network. Classical Hopfield networks Hopfield networks are recurrent neural networks with dynamical trajectories converging to fixed point attractor states and described by an energy function. The state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hopfield Network
A Hopfield network (or associative memory) is a form of recurrent neural network, or a spin glass system, that can serve as a content-addressable memory. The Hopfield network, named for John Hopfield, consists of a single layer of neurons, where each neuron is connected to every other neuron except itself. These connections are bidirectional and symmetric, meaning the weight of the connection from neuron ''i'' to neuron ''j'' is the same as the weight from neuron ''j'' to neuron ''i''. Patterns are associatively recalled by fixing certain inputs, and dynamically evolve the network to minimize an energy function, towards local energy minimum states that correspond to stored patterns. Patterns are associatively learned (or "stored") by a Hebbian learning algorithm. One of the key features of Hopfield networks is their ability to recover complete patterns from partial or noisy inputs, making them robust in the face of incomplete or corrupted data. Their connection to statistical mech ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
