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Ismail Mirza Safavi
Ismail II (; born Ismail Mirza; 31 May 1537 – 24 November 1577) was the third shah of Safavid Iran from 1576 to 1577. He was the second son of Tahmasp I with his principal consort, Sultanum Begum. On the orders of Tahmasp, Ismail spent twenty years imprisoned in Qahqaheh Castle; whether for his recurrent conflicts with the realm's influential vassals, or for his growing popularity with the Qizilbash tribes, resulting in Tahmasp becoming wary of his son's influence. Tahmasp died In 1576 without a designated heir. Ismail, with the support of his sister, Pari Khan Khanum, overcame his opponents and usurped the crown. In order to relieve himself of potential claimants, Ismail purged all the male members of the royal family, except for his full-brother, Mohammad Khodabanda and his three sons. In fear of the Qizilbash influence on the administration and the army, Ismail replaced them with people whom he trusted. Ismail belittled the Shi'ia Islam scholars and sought spiritual guidan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Monarchs Of Persia
The monarchs of Iran ruled for over two and a half millennia, beginning as early as the 7th century BC and enduring until the 20th century AD. The earliest Iranian king is generally considered to have been either Deioces of the Median dynasty () or Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BC). The last Iranian king was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979), which was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution. Since then, Iran has been governed as an Islamic republic#Iran, Islamic republic. In classical antiquity, Iran reached the peak of its power and prestige under the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Achaemenid Egypt, Egypt and parts of Southeast Europe in the west to the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley, Indus Valley and parts of Central Asia in the east. By 323 BC, the Achaemenid Empire's territories had been conquered by the Macedonian Empire during the Wars of Alexander the Great, bringing Iran into the Hellenistic period, Hellenist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mawsillu
Mawsillu (; ; ) was one of the most active Turkic tribes that operated during the Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid dynasty, Safavid empires. During the Safavid Empire, it was one of the Turkmen tribes that formed the Qizilbash tribes. The Mosul tribe, more commonly referred to as Turkmen in the Safavid Empire, originated from the region of Mosul. History According to Turkish historian Tufan Gündüz and John E. Woods (historian), John E. Woods, they one of the three biggest tribes dominating Aq Qoyunlu along with Purnak and Bayandur (tribe), Bayandur tribes. Their main controlled areas were near Diyarbakır, Diyarbakr and Yerevan, Erivan. They supported Hamza beg (a son of Qara Osman, Qara Yuluq Osman) and Sheykh Hasan at earliest times but later changed their allegiance to Uzun Hasan after 1451 during Aq Qoyunlu succession crisis. They acquired the city of Urfa, Ruha in later in 1475 following the defeat of Uways (brother of Uzun Hasan). After the conquests of Ismail I they were important ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatolia
Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Turkish Straits to the northwest, and the Black Sea to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits have been expanded either to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey or to an imprecise line from the Black Sea to the Gulf of Alexandretta. Topographically, the Sea of Marmara connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, and separates Anatolia from Thrace in Southeast Europe. During the Neolithic, Anatolia was an early centre for the development of farming after it originated in the adjacent Fertile Crescent. Beginning around 9,000 years ago, there was a major migration of Anatolian Neolithic Farmers into Neolithic Europe, Europe, with their descendants coming to dominate the continent a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)
The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I. Ottoman territorial gains were confirmed in the Peace of Amasya. Background The war was triggered by territorial disputes between the two empires, especially when the Bey of Bitlis decided to put himself under Persian protection.''The Cambridge history of Islam'' by Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis p. 33/ref> Also, Tahmasp had the governor of Baghdad, a sympathiser of Suleiman, assassinated. On the diplomatic front, the Safavids had been engaged in discussions with the Habsburgs for the formation of a Habsburg–Persian alliance that would attack the Ottoman Empire on two fronts. Two Iraqi Expedition The Ottomans, first under the Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, and later joined by Suleiman himself, successfully attacked Safavid Iraq, recaptured Bitlis, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lala (title)
Lala (, , ) was a Turkish and Persian title (of Persian origin) meaning ''tutor'' and ''statesman'' in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. History In Ottoman tradition, lalas were the experienced statesmen who were assigned as the tutors of young princes (. While still teenagers, the princes were sent to provinces (sanjak) as provincial governors (). They were accompanied by their lalas who trained them in statesmanship. The purpose of this practice was to prepare the princes for the future duties of regency. Later, when the prince was enthroned as the sultan, his lala was usually promoted to be a vizier. Up to the 13th sultan Mehmet III (the end of the 16th century), all sultans enjoyed a period of provincial governorship prior to their reign. However, 14th sultan Ahmed I (1603–1617), who was enthroned in his early teens without a period of provincial governorship, banned this practice. This meant a decrease in the status of the lala. Atabeg vs Lala The practice of lala ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalilullah II
Khalilullah II () was the 41st Shirvanshah, governing Shirvan under Safavid suzerainty between 1524—1535. Reign Born as Khalil, after the death of his father, he assumed the regnal name A regnal name, regnant name, or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede ... of Khalilullah II in 1524. He was married to Ismail I's daughter, and Tahmasp I's sister Parikhan Khanum (1506–1540), Parikhan Khanum (not to be mistaken for Tahmasp's daughter Pari Khan Khanum)Michele Membré''Mission to the Lord Sophy of Persia (1539-1542)''(original from the University of Michigan) School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1993 p 81 on 4 October 1521. Relations with Safavids After death of Ismail I, the new shah Tahmasp I was suspicious towards the new shirvanshah. This suspicion had grown when the lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burhan Ali
Burhan Ali () or Sultan Burhaneddin (in Ottoman sources) was a self-declared Shah of Shirvan. Life He was probably born in to Khalilullah II and Parikhan Khanum but was bypassed during succession in favor of Shahrukh. A year later of this succession, his mother was married to Darvish Mohammad Khan. However Abbasgulu Bakikhanov suggested his full name as "Burhan Ali bin Keyqobad bin Abu Bakr bin Amir Ishaq bin Ibrahim I of Shirvan". He probably had another brother called Maqsud Ali. His steward appeared at the court of Suleyman the Magnificent on 6 November 1542. According to Walter Posch, that his father's cousin, Mirza Muhammad Shirvani, son of Ghazi Beg who was governor of Trabzon at the time, might have intermediated the visit. Soon, Burhan Ali himself appeared at the Porte and was given an honorary robe on 15 December 1543. He was given another honorary robe on 26 January 1544 and soon was sent to Shirvan. Same year he invaded Shirvan with aid from Kaitag and was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shirvanshah
The Shirvanshahs (Arabic/) were the rulers of Shirvan (in present-day Azerbaijan) from 861 to 1538. The first ruling line were the Yazidids, an originally Arab and later Persianized dynasty, who became known as the Kasranids (also referred to as the Khaqanids). The second ruling line were the Darbandi, distant relatives of the Yazidids/Kasranids. The Shirvanshahs ruled from 861 to 1538, one of the most enduring dynasties of the Islamic world. At times they were independent, often they had to recognize the overlordship of neighbouring empires. The dynasty is known for its patronage of culture, such as during the 12th-century, when their realm served as the focal point for Persian literature, attracting distinguished poets such as Khaqani, Nizami Ganjavi, Falaki Shirvani, etc. In 1382, the Shirvanshah throne was taken by Ibrahim I (), thus marking the start of the Darbandi line. The Shirvanshah realm flourished in the 15th century, during the long reigns of Khalilullah I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shirvan
Shirvan (from ; ; Tat: ''Şirvan'') is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times. Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the Republic of Azerbaijan that stretches between the western shores of the Caspian Sea and the Kura River, centered on the Shirvan Plain. History Etymology Vladimir Minorsky believes that names such as Sharvān (Shirwān), Lāyzān and Baylaqān are Iranian names from the Iranian languages of the coast of the Caspian Sea. There are several explanations about this name: * Shirvan or Sharvan are corrupted forms of the word "Shahrbān" () which means "the governor". The word "Shahrban" has been used since Achaemenian Dynasty as "Xshathrapawn" (satrap) to refer to different states of the kingdom. * Shervan in Persian means cypress tree (the same as 'sarv' in Middle Persian and in New Persian, as well as in ArabicDehkhoda dictionary). It is also used as a male n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herat
Herāt (; Dari/Pashto: هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safēd Kōh'') in the fertile valley of the Hari River in the western part of the country. An ancient civilization on the Silk Road between West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia, it serves as a regional hub in the country's west. Herat dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Herat Citadel and the Musalla Complex. During the Middle Ages, Herat became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the ''Pearl of Khorasan''. After its conquest by Tamerlane, the city became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Islamic world. Under the rule of Shah Rukh, the city served as the focal point of the Timurid Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
