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Irish Catholic Martyrs
Irish Catholic Martyrs () were 24 Irish men and women who have been beatified or canonized for both a life of heroic virtue and for dying for their Catholic faith between the reign of King Henry VIII and Catholic Emancipation in 1829. The more than three century-long religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland came in waves, caused by an overreaction by the State to certain incidents and interspersed with intervals of comparative respite. Even so, during the worst of times, the Irish people, according to Marcus Tanner, clung to the Mass, " crossed themselves when they passed Protestant ministers on the road, had to be dragged into Protestant churches and put cotton wool in their ears rather than listen to Protestant sermons." According to historian and folklorist Seumas MacManus, "Throughout these dreadful centuries, too, the hunted priest -- who in his youth had been smuggled to the Continent of Europe to receive his training -- tended the flame of faith. He lurke ...
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Oliver Plunkett
Oliver Plunkett (or Oliver Plunket; ; 1 November 1625 – 1 July 1681) was the Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland and the last victim of the Popish Plot. He was beatified in 1920 and canonised in 1975, thus becoming the first new Irish saint in almost seven hundred years. Biography Oliver Plunkett was born on 1 November 1625 (earlier biographers gave his date of birth as 1 November 1629, but 1625 has been the consensus since the 1930s) in Loughcrew, County Meath, Ireland, to well-to-do parents with Hiberno-Norman ancestors. A grandson of James Plunkett, 7th Baron Killeen (died 1595), he was related by birth to a number of landed families, such as the recently ennobled Earls of Roscommon, as well as the long-established Earls of Fingall, Lords Louth, and Lords Dunsany. Until his sixteenth year, the boy's education was entrusted to his cousin Patrick Plunkett, Abbot of St Mary's, Dublin and brother of Luke Plunkett, the first Earl of Fingall, who ...
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Tridentine Mass
The Tridentine Mass, also known as the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite or ''usus antiquior'' (), Vetus Ordo or the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM) or the Traditional Rite, is the liturgy in the Roman Missal of the Catholic Church codified in 1570 and published thereafter with amendments up to 1962. Celebrated almost exclusively in Ecclesiastical Latin, it was the most widely used Eucharistic liturgy in the world from its issuance in 1570 until its replacement by the Mass of Paul VI promulgated in 1969 (with the revised Roman Missal appearing in 1970.) "Tridentine" is derived from the Latin ''Tridentinus'', "related to the city of Trent", where the Council of Trent was held at the height of the Counter-Reformation. In response to a decision of that council, Pope Pius V promulgated the 1570 Roman Missal, making it mandatory throughout the Latin Church, except in places and religious orders with rites or uses from before 1370. Permissions for celebrating the Tridentine Mass ...
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Penal Laws (Ireland)
In Ireland, the penal laws () were a series of Disabilities (Catholics), legal disabilities imposed in the seventeenth, and early eighteenth, centuries on the Kingdom of Ireland, kingdom's Catholic Church in Ireland, Roman Catholic majority and, to a lesser degree, on Nonconformist (Protestantism), Protestant "Dissenters". Enacted by the Parliament of Ireland, Irish Parliament, they secured the Protestant Ascendancy by further concentrating property and public office in the hands of those who, as communicants of the Established Church, established Church of Ireland, subscribed to the Oath of Supremacy. The Oath acknowledged the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, British monarch as the "supreme governor" of matters both spiritual and temporal, and abjured "all foreign jurisdictions [and] powers"—by implication both the Pope in Rome and the House of Stuart, Stuart James Francis Edward Stuart, "Pretender" in the court of the Louis XIV, King of France. The laws included the Educatio ...
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Colonialism
Colonialism is the control of another territory, natural resources and people by a foreign group. Colonizers control the political and tribal power of the colonised territory. While frequently an Imperialism, imperialist project, colonialism can also take the form of settler colonialism, whereby settlers from one or multiple colonizing metropoles occupy a territory with the intention of partially or completely supplanting the existing population. Colonialism developed as a concept describing European colonial empires of the modern era, which spread globally from the 15th century to the mid-20th century, spanning 35% of Earth's land by 1800 and peaking at 84% by the beginning of World War I. European colonialism employed mercantilism and Chartered company, chartered companies, and established Coloniality of power, coloniality, which keeps the colonized socio-economically Other (philosophy), othered and Subaltern (postcolonialism), subaltern through modern biopolitics of Heterono ...
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Shoneenism
Shoneenism is a pejorative term, used in Ireland from at least the 18th century, to describe Irish people who are viewed as engaging in excessive Anglophilia or snobbery. Some late 19th and early 20th century Irish nationalist writers, like D. P. Moran (1869–1936), used the term ''shoneen'' (), alongside the term West Brit, to characterize those who were snobbish, expressed admiration for England or copied English customs. A stereotypical ''shoneen'' also reputedly shows corresponding disdain for Irish nationalism and the culture of Ireland, such as the Irish language and Irish traditional music. History and use Since the 1800s, the words ''shoneen'' and ''shoneenism'' have been used by Irish nationalists as terms of derision and are always uncomplimentary towards the ''shoneen'' as the Irish language diminutive ending ''een'' (''ín'') when used in this manner has a loading of contempt. One suggested etymology of ''shoneen'' is ''seoinín'', meaning "Little John" in Irish, refe ...
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West Brit
West Brit, an abbreviation of West Briton, is a derogatory term for an Irish person who is perceived as Anglophilic in matters of culture or politics. West Britain is a description of Ireland emphasising it as subject to British influence. History "West Britain" was used with reference to the Acts of Union 1800 which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Similarly "North Britain" for Scotland used after the 1603 Union of the Crowns and the Acts of Union 1707 connected it to the Kingdom of England (" South Britain"). In 1800 Thomas Grady, a Limerick unionist, published a collection of light verse named ''The West Briton'', while an anti-union cartoon depicted an official offering bribes and proclaiming "God save the King & his Majesty's subjects of west Britain that is to be!" In 1801 the Latin description of George III on the Great Seal of the Realm was changed from "Of Great Britain, France and I ...
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Colonial Mentality
A colonial mentality is the internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority felt by people as a result of colonization, i.e. them being colonized by another group.Nunning, Vera. (06/01/2015). Fictions of Empire and the (un-making of imperialist mentalities: Colonial discourse and post-colonial criticism revisited. Forum for world literature studies. (7)2. p.171-198. It corresponds with the belief that the cultural values of the colonizer are inherently superior to one's own. The term has been used by postcolonial scholars to discuss the transgenerational effects of colonialism present in former colonies following decolonization. It is commonly used as an operational concept for framing ideological domination in historical colonial experiences. In psychology, colonial mentality has been used to explain instances of collective depression, anxiety, and other widespread mental health issues in populations that have experienced colonization. Notable Marxist influences on the p ...
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Barnes & Noble
Barnes & Noble Booksellers is an American bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States. The company operates approximately 600 retail stores across the United States. Barnes & Noble operates mainly through its Barnes & Noble Booksellers chain of bookstores. The company's headquarters are at 33 E. 17th Street on Union Square in New York City. After a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, Barnes & Noble is the United States' largest bookstore chain and the only national chain. Previously, Barnes & Noble operated the chain of small B. Dalton, B. Dalton Bookseller stores in malls until they announced the liquidation of the chain in 2010. The company was also one of the nation's largest manager of college textbook stores located on or near many college campuses when that division was spun off as a separate public company called Barnes & Noble Education in 2015. The company is known by its customers fo ...
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Mass Rock
A Mass rock ( Irish: ''Carraig an Aifrinn)'' was a rock used as an altar by the Catholic Church in Ireland, during the 17th and 18th centuries, as a location for secret and illegal gatherings of faithful attending the Mass offered by outlawed priests. Similar altars, known as Mass stones (), were used by the Catholic Church in Scotland, membership in which was similarly criminalised by the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. During the religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland, isolated locations were sought to hold religious ceremonies, as observing the Catholic Mass was a matter of difficulty and danger at the time as a result of the Reformation in Ireland, Cromwell's campaign against the Irish, and the Penal Laws of 1695. Bishops were banished and priests had to register to preach under the Registration Act 1704. Priest hunters were also sometimes employed to arrest Catholic priests and nonjuring Vicars of the Scottish Episcopal Church. In modern Irel ...
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Priest Hunter
A priest hunter was a person who, acting on behalf of the English and later British government, spied on or captured Catholic priests during Penal Times. Priest hunters were effectively bounty hunters. Some were volunteers, experienced soldiers or former spies. England As the Catholic bishops from the reign of Queen Mary were dead, imprisoned or in exile, and those priests they had ordained were dying out or converting to Protestantism, William Allen conceived the idea for a seminary for English Catholic priests at Douai, where several of the chief posts were held by refugee professors who had fled Oxford University upon the reimposition of Protestantism in England. The English College at Douai was founded as a Catholic seminary in 1569. Similar colleges also came about at Douai for Scottish and Irish Catholic clergy, and also Benedictine, Franciscan and Jesuit houses. Other English seminaries for the training of priests from and for England and Wales included those in Rom ...
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Calluna
''Calluna vulgaris'', common heather, ling, or simply heather, is the sole species in the genus ''Calluna'' in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing evergreen shrub growing to tall, or rarely to and taller, and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade. It is the dominant plant in most heathland and moorland in Europe, and in some bog vegetation and acidic pine and oak woodland. It is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning. Description ''Calluna'' can reach in height. It has small-scale leaves (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of '' Erica'' are generally larger and in whorls of 3–4, sometimes 5. Clive Stace, (2010) ''New Flora of the British Isles'', 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press. It flowers fr ...
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Seumas MacManus
Seumas MacManus (31 December 1868 – 23 October 1960) was an Irish author, dramatist, and poet known for his ability to reinterpret Irish folktales for modern audiences. Biography Born James McManus on 31 December 1868 in Mountcharles, County Donegal, he was the son of Patrick McManus, a merchant, and Mary Molloy. He became a teacher, and in the 1890s began contributing articles and stories to newspapers in the US. On 22 August 1901 he married the County Antrim poet, balladeer and publisher Ethna Carbery, General Registrar's Office. Requires login and search application. daughter of a Fenian and one of the founders of the feminist nationalist organisation Inghinidhe na hÉireann, and they moved in together in Revlin House in Donegal. Carbery died the following year of gastritis, aged 37. MacManus published her hugely successful work for many years after her death. On 9 March 1911 in Manhattan, New York, he married Catalina Violante Paez (died 1962), the granddaughter of ...
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