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Inventory Controversy
The Inventory Controversy (''Querelle des Inventaires'') refers to a series of incidents across France following the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. This law required the inventory of church property as part of preparations for transferring it to newly created Religious association (France), religious associations. The law was enacted in the context of widespread Catholic opposition to the secularization policies of the Third French Republic. Background Since the 1801 Concordat, church properties were managed by public establishments such as fabric councils and seminaries. The 1905 law dissolved these establishments and transferred church buildings to religious associations. To implement the transfer, the law mandated an inventory of all church property. The decree of 29 December 1905 formalized this requirement, though it was perceived by many as a "prelude to confiscation." On January 2, 1906, a government circular instructed officials to open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Le Petit Journal (newspaper)
''Le Petit Journal'' () was a conservative daily Parisian newspaper founded by Moïse Polydore Millaud; published from 1863 to 1944. Together with ''Le Petit Parisien'', ''Le Matin (France), Le Matin'', and ''Le Journal'', it was one of the four major French dailies. In 1890, during the Boulangiste crisis, its circulation first reached one million copies. Five years later, it had a circulation of two million copies, making it the world's largest newspaper.Ivan Chupin, Nicolas Hubé and Nicolas Kaciaf, ''Histoire politique et économique des médias en France'', La Découverte, 2009 History Early years The first issue of the Journal appeared on 1 February 1863 with a printing of 83,000 copies. Its founder, Millaud, was originally from Bordeaux and had begun as a publisher of financial and legal newsletters. For a few years, he was the owner of ''La Presse (France), La Presse'', an early Penny press, penny paper. The first printing ran to 83,000 copies; a large printing compared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expropriation
Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization (or deprivatization). Industries often subject to nationalization include telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, railways, airlines, iron ore, media, postal services, banks, and water (sometimes called the commanding heights of the economy), and in many jurisdictions such entities have no history of private ownership. Nationalization may occur with or without financial compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property redistribution in that the government retains control of nationalized prope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Catholicism In France
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents. Scholars have identified four categories of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural. At various points after the Reformation, many majority-Protestant states, including England, Northern Ireland, Prussia and Germany, Scotland, and the United States, turned anti-Catholicism, opposition to the authority of Catholic clergy (anti-clericalism), opposition to the authority of the pope ( anti-papalism), mockery of Catholic rituals, and opposition to Catholic adherents into major political themes and policies of religious discrimination and religious persecution. Major examples of populist groups that have targeted Catholics in recent history include Ulster loyalists in Northern Ireland during the Troubles and the second Ku Klux Klan in the United States. Historically, Catholics who lived in Protestant countries were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Religion And Politics
Religion is a range of social- cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. It is an essentially contested concept. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine, sacredness, faith,Tillich, P. (1957) ''Dynamics of faith''. Harper Perennial; (p. 1). and a supernatural being or beings. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Religions have sacred histories, narratives, and mythologies, preserved in oral traditions, sacred texts, symbols, and holy places, that may attempt to explain the origin of life, the universe, and other phenomena. Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1906 In France
Events from the year 1906 in France. Incumbents *President of France, President: Émile Loubet (until 18 February), Armand Fallières (starting 18 February) *Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 7 March: Maurice Rouvier ** 12 March – 20 October: Ferdinand Sarrien ** starting 25 October: Georges Clemenceau Events *16 January - Algeciras Conference begins, to mediate the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany. *10 March - Courrières mine disaster: Explosion in coal mine in Courrières kills 1099. *7 April - Final agreement from Algeciras Conference is signed. *6 May - 1906 French legislative election, Legislative Election held. *20 May - 1906 French legislative election, Legislative Election held. *June - First Paris motor bus line opened by C.G.O. (''Compagnie Générale des Omnibus''). *12 July - Alfred Dreyfus, the Jewish army officer hastily and wrongly convicted of treason in 1899, is exonerated. *21 July - Dreyfus is reinst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who was Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A physician turned journalist, he played a central role in the politics of the French Third Republic, Third Republic, particularly amid the end of the First World War. He was a key figure of the Independent Radicals, advocating for the separation of church and state, as well as the amnesty of the Communards exiled to New Caledonia. After about 1,400,000 French soldiers were killed between the Schlieffen Plan, German invasion and Armistice of 11 November 1918, Armistice, he demanded a total victory over the German Empire. Clemenceau stood for reparations, a transfer of colonies, strict rules to prevent a rearming process, as well as the restitution of Alsace–Lorraine, which had been annexed to Germany in 1871. He achieved these goals through the Treaty of Versailles signed at the Paris Peace Conferen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maurice Rouvier
Maurice Rouvier (; 17 April 1842 – 7 June 1911) was a French statesman of the "Opportunist" faction, who twice served as the Prime Minister of France. He is best known for his financial policies and his unpopular policies designed to avoid a rupture with Germany. Career He was born in Aix-en-Provence, and spent his early career in business at Marseille. He supported Léon Gambetta's candidature there in 1867, and in 1870 he founded an anti-imperial journal, ''L'Egalité''. He also belonged to the same masonic lodge as Gambetta, "La Réforme" in Marseille. Becoming secretary general of the prefecture of Bouches-du-Rhône in 1870–71, he refused the office of prefect. In July 1871 he was returned to the National Assembly for Marseille at a by-election, and voted steadily with the Republican party. He became a recognized authority on finance, and repeatedly served on the Budget Commission as reporter or president. At the general elections of 1881, after the fall of the Jules ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boeschepe
Boeschepe () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France, next to the Belgian border. Population Heraldry See also *Communes of the Nord department The following is a list of the 647 communes of the Nord department of the French Republic. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025): References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montregard
Montregard () is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France. Population See also *Communes of the Haute-Loire department A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes of ... References Communes of Haute-Loire {{HauteLoire-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monistrol-d'Allier
Monistrol-d'Allier (, literally ''Monistrol of Allier''; ) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France. Population See also *Communes of the Haute-Loire department A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes of ... References Communes of Haute-Loire {{HauteLoire-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Notre-Dame D'Estours Chapel
The Notre-Dame-d'Estours Chapel (French: ''Chapelle Notre-Dame-d'Estours'') is a Roman Catholic chapel located in Monistrol-d'Allier, within the department of Haute-Loire, France. It has been listed as a Monument historique since 1926.. Location Situated at an altitude of 820 meters, the chapel is perched on a rocky promontory overlooking the gorges of the Seuge River. History The chapel was built in the 12th century as a pilgrimage site. The choir is vaulted with ribs from this period, while the existing vaults date from the 13th century. The additional chapels, also rib-vaulted, are believed to have been constructed during the 15th century. Querelle des Inventaires During the Querelle des Inventaires in 1906, the chapel became a focal point of resistance to the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French language, French: ) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies (France), Chamb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire (; or ''Naut Leir''; English: Upper Loire) is a landlocked department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Named after the Loire River, it is surrounded by the departments of Loire, Ardèche, Lozère, Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme. In 2019, it had a population of 227,570;Populations légales 2019: 43 Haute-Loire INSEE its inhabitants are called ''Altiligériens'' in French (English : Altiligerians). The department, which has its in , covers the upper reaches of the Lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
