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Intraproboscis Sanghae
''Intraproboscis'' is a genus of Acanthocephala (thorny-headed or spiny-headed Parasitism, parasitic worms) that infestation, infest the black-bellied pangolin and the tree pangolin in central Africa. The genus contains a single species, ''Intraproboscis sanghae'' described from several females and one incomplete male. The body consists of a long, thin Torso, trunk and a tubular feeding and sucking organ called the proboscis which is covered with hooks. There are 34 to 36 rows of 6 to 7 hooks on the front of the proboscis and 15 to 17 spinelike hooks on the back that are used to pierce and hold the intestinal wall of its host. Female worms reach up to 180 mm long (mostly trunk) and 2 mm wide while males are smaller in all dimensions (based on an incomplete specimen). Infestation by ''I. sanghae'' can cause Gastrointestinal perforation, intestinal perforation and death. This genus closely resembles the genus ''Mediorhynchus'' but differs in having mammalian hosts i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Locality (biology)
In biology, a type is a particular wikt:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set (mathematics), set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution. Type specimen According to a precise set of rules laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acanthocephala
Acanthocephala ( Greek , ' 'thorn' + , ' 'head') is a group of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host. Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, involving at least two hosts, which may include invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. About 1,420 species have been described. The Acanthocephala were long thought to be a discrete phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are descended from, and should be considered as, highly modified rotifers. This unified taxon is sometimes known as Syndermata, or simply as Rotifera, with the acanthocephalans described as a subclass of a rotifer class Hemirotatoria. History The earliest recognisable description of Acanthocephala – a worm with a proboscis armed with hooks – was made by Italian author Francesco Redi (1684). In 1771 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moniliformidae
Moniliformidae is a family of parasitic spiny-headed (or thorny-headed) worms. It is the only family in the Moniliformida order and contains three genera: ''Australiformis'' containing a single species, ''Moniliformis'' containing eighteen species and ''Promoniliformis'' containing a single species. Genetic analysis have determined that the clade is monophyletic despite being distributed globally. These worms primarily parasitize mammals, including humans in the case of ''Moniliformis moniliformis'', and occasionally birds by attaching themselves into the intestinal wall using their hook-covered proboscis. The intermediate hosts are mostly cockroaches. The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is the presence of a cylindrical proboscis with long rows of hooks with posteriorly directed roots and proboscis retractor muscles that pierce both the posterior and ventral end or just posterior end of the receptacle. Infestation with Monoliformida species can c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oncicola
''Oncicola'' is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. ''Oncicola'' belongs to the phylum Acanthocephalans that include many thorny-headed worms. This family contains 12 genera including the genus ''Oncicola''. ''Oncicola'' is a part of the phylum Acanthocephalans that include many thorny-headed worms. The name comes from the prefix onc- meaning “barbed” and -cola meaning “to inhabit” in Latin. It was named and discovered in 1916 by Travassos. These worms are defined by their parasitic nature which involves hook structures found at their front end. Taxonomy Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on one of the species in the genus, ''O. venezuelensis''. Description Each worm is around 8–15 mm long with males typically being smaller than the females. They are typically white to yellow in color and globular shaped. They have a short proboscis at the front of the body with around 36 small hooks that vary in shape and size. Thes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nephridiacanthus Major
''Nephridiacanthus'' is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. The species of this genus are found in Africa. Taxonomy Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on one of the species in the genus, ''N. major''. Description Species There are eight species in the genus ''Nephridiacanthus''. *''Nephridiacanthus gerberi'' *''Nephridiacanthus kamerunensis'' *''Nephridiacanthus longissimus'' *''Nephridiacanthus major'' ''N. major'' has been found infesting the long-eared hedgehog (''Hemiechinus auritus'') and the southern white-breasted hedgehog (''Erinaceus concolor'') in Iran, Germany, Morocco, central Asia, Egypt, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Lebanon, Sicily, Italy, Nigeria, Turkey and Mongolia. Phylogenetic analysis has been done on the small subunit ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c genes, and have determined that it belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. *''Nephridiacanthus manisensis'' *''Nephridiacanthus maroccanus'' *''Nephridiacanthus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macracanthorhynchus Ingens
''Macracanthorhynchus'', also known as the giant thorny-headed worm of swine, is a member of the Oligacanthorhynchidae which contains four species. Taxonomy Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on at least one of the four species in the genus, '' M. ingens'', and confirms that this species beongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. The type species is '' M. hirudinaceus''. Description ''Macracanthorhynchus '' consists of a proboscis covered in hooks and a long trunk. Species There are four species in the genus Macracanthorhynchus. *''Macracanthorhynchus catulinus'' Kostylev, 1927 The encysted larvae of ''M. catulinus'' beetle '' Adesmia gebleri'' from the Kara Kum region are 6.32 mm long and have a proboscis 0.57 mm long with 12 longitudinal rows of three hooks each. The size of the hooks varies from 0.25 mm to 0.11 mm. Small vertebrates, such as the badger and weasel may be reservoir hosts. Pre-acanthellae and acanthellae of ''M. catulinus'' were found infesting '' T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oligacanthorhynchidae
Oligacanthorhynchida is an order containing a single parasitic worm family, Oligacanthorhynchidae,Encyclopedia of Life www.eol.org that attach themselves to the intestinal wall of terrestrial vertebrates. Taxonomy and description Genera ''Oligacanthorhynchida'' contains twelve genera. Cucullanorhynchus The genus ''Cucullanorhynchus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 is named for the anterior hood. It was described in 2008 based on samples collected from the intestines of mammals between 1998 and 2004 in Vietnam. ''C. constrictruncatus'' is the only species in the genus. It has been found in the intestine of the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') in Vietnam. The trunk has an anterior hood in both sexes and a posterior constriction in females. The species name derives from this constriction near the posterior end of females. Heptamegacanthus ''Heptamegacanthus'' is a monotypic genus with ''Heptamegacanthus niekerki'' being the only species. It is a parasite of the endangered giant gold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
18S Ribosomal RNA
18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA) is a part of the ribosomal RNA in eukaryotes. It is a component of the Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) and the cytosolic homologue of both the 12S ribosomal RNA, 12S rRNA in mitochondria and the 16S ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA in plastids and prokaryotes. Similar to the prokaryotic 16S rRNA, the genes of the 18S ribosomal RNA have been widely used for Phylogenetics, phylogenetic studies and biodiversity screening of eukaryotes. Research history Along with the 28S ribosomal RNA, 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNA, 5.8S rRNA in eukaryotes, the 18S rRNA was early identified as integral structural element of ribosomes which were first characterized by their sedimentation properties and named according to measured Svedberg, Svedberg units. Given its ubiquitous presence in eukaryotic life, the evolution of the 18S rRNA was soon proposed as marker for phylogenetics, phylogenetic studies to resolve the evolution of eukaryotes. Structure and function ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
18S RDNA
18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA) is a part of the ribosomal RNA in eukaryotes. It is a component of the Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) and the cytosolic homologue of both the 12S rRNA in mitochondria and the 16S rRNA in plastids and prokaryotes. Similar to the prokaryotic 16S rRNA, the genes of the 18S ribosomal RNA have been widely used for phylogenetic studies and biodiversity screening of eukaryotes. Research history Along with the 28S and 5.8S rRNA in eukaryotes, the 18S rRNA was early identified as integral structural element of ribosomes which were first characterized by their sedimentation properties and named according to measured Svedberg units. Given its ubiquitous presence in eukaryotic life, the evolution of the 18S rRNA was soon proposed as marker for phylogenetic studies to resolve the evolution of eukaryotes. Structure and function The 18S ribosomal RNA is the structural RNA of the small subunit in the eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosome. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giganthorhynchidae
Gigantorhynchida is an order containing a single family, Gigantorhynchidae of Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms, also known as spiny-headed worms) that parasitize vertebrates by attaching themselves to the intestinal wall of their host. There are over 60 species classified into three genera in Gigantorhynchida '' Gigantorhynchus'', '' Intraproboscis'', and ''Mediorhynchus''. Taxonomy Phylogenetically, the family Gigantorhynchidae is sister to the family Moniliformidae, represented by sequences of ''Moniliformis Moniliformis'' that form a supported monophyletic group. The group formed by Gigantorhynchidae and Moniliformidae suggest it to be a sister to the group formed by sequences of ''Macracanthorhynchus ingens'' and ''Oncicola venezuelensis'' A new taxonomic analysis has been performed. Genera Gigantorhynchida contains three genera. Gigantorhynchus The genus ''Gigantorhynchus'' contains six species with ''G. echinodiscus'' as the type species. It was described by Hamann i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology (from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) "form", and λόγος (lógos) "word, study, research") is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i.e., anatomy. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of the overall structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
