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Inter City Firm
The Inter City Firm (ICF) is an Football in England, English football List of hooligan firms, hooligan firm associated with West Ham United F.C., West Ham United, which was mainly active in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The name came from the use of InterCity (British Rail), InterCity trains to travel to away games. They were the subject of a 1985 Thames Television documentary, ''Hooligan''. History The firm formed out of a number of other West Ham groups, including the ''Mile End Boys'' and ''Essex East London Firm''. ICF formed in the 1977/78 season. The most notable figure associated with the ICF is Cass Pennant, who wrote on football hooliganism in the 1990s and 2000s. In his book, ''Congratulations You Have Just Met the ICF'', as a black Londoner, Pennant maintains that the ICF was not racist or right-wing. Bill Gardner (football hooligan), Bill Gardner, a member of the Mile End Boys, appears on the front-cover of the original print of the book. Carlton Leach, the main ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlton Leach
Carlton Leach is an author, occasional actor, and a former criminal. Early life Leach was born in Canning Town. A fan of West Ham United F.C., he became involved in the Inter City Firm, a gang of hooligans who followed the East London club. Leach was the original model for the cover of the '' Strength Thru Oi!'' album (1981). Criminal career Leach started work as a bouncer in East London, where he became involved with Tony Tucker, then Pat Tate, both of whom worked as large scale dealers in ecstasy during the rave era in the late 1980s. Tate, Tucker and Craig Rolfe were shot dead in December 1995 in a Range Rover on a farm track in Rettendon, in the Rettendon murders. Later career In 2003 Carlton Leach wrote a memoir about his criminal exploits, entitled ''Muscle''. In 2007 a film based on the book was released, entitled '' Rise of the Footsoldier'' and starring Ricci Harnett as Leach. In 2015, Leach worked with Harnett to organise another film about his li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Independent
''The Independent'' is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was published on Saturday 26 March 2016, leaving only the online edition. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. ''The Independent'' won the Brand of the Year Award in The Drum Awards for Online Media 2023. History 1980s Launched in 1986, the first issue of ''The Independent'' was published on 7 October in broadsheet format.Dennis Griffiths (ed.) ''The Encyclopedia of the British Press, 1422–1992'', London & Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992, p. 330. It was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at ''The Daily Telegraph'' who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwell' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centreforce
Centreforce also known as 88.3 Centreforce and Centreforce Radio is a former pirate radio station, now legally broadcasting to London, North West England and North Wales on DAB radio. It was instrumental during the Second Summer of Love period of acid house and rave music culture in the UK. The station is based in Waltham Abbey, Essex. Early history Centreforce first broadcast on 8 May 1989, from London Borough of Hackney then moved to Carpenters Road Stratford, Newham, East London on the frequency of 88.3 FM. In its short time on air (it ceased broadcasting little over a year later around June 1990), it became the "first seven day rave station", and a pivotal part of the scene, promoting all of the big M25 raves of the time such as Genesis, Energy, Sunrise, and Biology. Regular DJs on the station included one of the founders of the station Roger the Dodger , Kenny Ken, Danielle & Rochelle, DJ Randall, Keith Mac, Gary D, DJ One, Corporation Dave, DJ Huggs, DJ Connie, Hermit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UK Pirate Radio
Pirate radio in the United Kingdom has been a popular and enduring radio broadcasting, radio medium since the 1960s, despite expansions in licensed broadcasting, and the advent of both digital radio and internet radio. Although it peaked throughout the 1960s and again during the 1980s/1990s, it remains in existence today. Having moved from transmitting from ships in the sea to tower blocks across UK towns and cities, in 2009 the UK broadcasting regulator Ofcom estimated more than 150 pirate radio stations were still operating. 1960s Pirate radio in the UK first became widespread in the early 1960s when pop music stations such as Radio Caroline and Wonderful Radio London, Radio London started to broadcast on medium wave to the UK from offshore ships or disused sea forts. At the time, these stations were not illegal because they were broadcasting from international waters. The stations were set up by entrepreneurs and music enthusiasts to meet the growing demand for pop music, pop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |