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Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase
Inositol polyphosphate kinase (IPK) is a family of enzymes that have a similar 3-dimensional structure. All members of the family catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to various inositol phosphates. Members of the family include inositol-polyphosphate multikinases, inositol-hexakisphosphate kinases, inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinases, and inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase, which is more distantly related to the others The discovery of the IPK family occurred in 1999, when a combination of biochemistry, sequence analysis, and genetics led to the classification of a family of inositol polyphosphate kinases. In 2005, the first crystal structures of an IPK family protein were published for ITPKA Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ITPKA'' gene. Structure ITPKA is one of three inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase (ITP3K) genes in humans. ITP3K proteins regulate inositol phosphate metabolism by .... Subsequently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphate Group
Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus. In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, phosphoric acid . The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons . Removal of one proton gives the dihydrogen phosphate ion while removal of two protons gives the hydrogen phosphate ion . These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate. File:3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png, Phosphoricacid File:2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png, Dihydrogenphosphate File:1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png, Hydrogenphosphate File:0-phosphate-3D-balls.png, Phosphate or orthophosphate In organic chemistry, phosphate or orthophosphate is an organophosphate, an ester of orthophosphoric acid of the form where one or mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cell (biology), cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in a Metabolism, metabolic process, ATP converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP. It is also a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme. An average adult human processes around 50 kilograms (about 100 mole (unit), moles) daily. From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the Polyphosphate, triphosphate. Structure ATP consists of three parts: a sugar, an amine base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inositol-polyphosphate Multikinase
Inositol-polyphosphate multikinase (, ''IpK2'', ''IP3/IP4 6-/3-kinase'', ''IP3/IP4 dual-specificity 6-/3-kinase'', ''IpmK'', ''ArgRIII'', ''AtIpk2alpha'', ''AtIpk2beta'', ''inositol polyphosphate 6-/3-/5-kinase'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 6-phosphotransferase''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemistry, chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an Gibbs free energy, ... : 2 ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate \rightleftharpoons 2 ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (overall reaction) :(1a) ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate \rightleftharpoons ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate :(1b) ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate \rightleftharpoons ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inositol-hexakisphosphate Kinase
Phytic acid is a six-fold dihydrogenphosphate ester of inositol (specifically, of the ''myo'' isomer), also called inositol hexaphosphate, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) or inositol polyphosphate. At physiological pH, the phosphates are partially ionized, resulting in the phytate anion. The (''myo'') phytate anion is a colorless species that has significant nutritional role as the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. It is also present in many legumes, cereals, and grains. Phytic acid and phytate have a strong binding affinity to the dietary minerals calcium, iron, and zinc, inhibiting their absorption in the small intestine. The lower inositol polyphosphates are inositol esters with less than six phosphates, such as inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate ( IP3). These occur in nature as catabolites of phytic acid. Significance in agriculture Phytic acid was discovered in 1903. Generally, phosphorus and inos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase
Inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate 3-kinase (), abbreviated here as ITP3K, is an enzyme that facilitates a phospho-group transfer from adenosine triphosphate to 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase. ITP3K catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to the 3-position of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to form inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. ITP3K is highly specific for the 1,4,5-isomer of IP3, and it exclusively phosphorylates the 3-OH position, producing Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, also known as inositol tetrakisphosphate or IP4. In biology, the enzyme ITP3K is abbreviated a number of different ways, including 1D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase, ITP3K, ITPK, IP3-kinase, IP3-3-kinase, Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase
In enzymology, an inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate \rightleftharpoons ADP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivi ... of this enzyme class is ATP:1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include IP5 2-kinase, Gsl1p, Ipk1p, inosi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biochemistry
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. Almost all List of life sciences, areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research.#Voet, Voet (2005), p. 3. Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis that allows biomolecule, biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living Cell (biology), cells and between cells,#Karp, Karp (2009), p. 2. in turn relating greatly to the understanding of tissue (biology), tissues and organ (anatomy), organs as well as organism structure and function.#Miller, Miller (2012). p. 62. Biochemistry is closely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sequence Analysis
In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. It can be performed on the entire genome, transcriptome or proteome of an organism, and can also involve only selected segments or regions, like tandem repeats and transposable elements. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological databases, and others. Since the development of methods of high-throughput production of gene and protein sequences, the rate of addition of new sequences to the databases increased very rapidly. Such a collection of sequences does not, by itself, increase the scientist's understanding of the biology of organisms. However, comparing these new sequences to those with known functions is a key way of understanding the biology of an organism from which the new sequence comes. Thus, sequence analysis can be used to assign fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinians, Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Phenotypic trait, Trait inheritance and Molecular genetics, molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the Cell (bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ITPKA
Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ITPKA'' gene. Structure ITPKA is one of three inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase (ITP3K) genes in humans. ITP3K proteins regulate inositol phosphate metabolism by phosphorylation of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to produce Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, which is sometimes abbreviated as IP4. Structurally, ITPKA belongs to the inositol polyphosphate kinase (IPK) family. The activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase is responsible for regulating the levels of a large number of inositol polyphosphates that are important in cellular signaling, most notably, inositol trisphosphate, which is the enzyme's only substrate. Both calcium/calmodulin and protein phosphorylation mechanisms control its activity. It is also a substrate for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II, and protein kinase C in vitro. ITPKA and ITPKB are 68% identical in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
