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Indo-Turkic
Turkic peoples have historically been associated as one of the primarily Chagatai-speaking peoples to have ruled North India. Various dynasties of the later medieval era and early modern era in India were of far descendants of Turkic and mixed Indian or Afghan descent. Two of the dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate, viz. the Tughlaqs and Khaljis, for instance, were of far descendants mixed Turkic origin, with Indian and Afghan ancestry respectively. The terms Indo-Turkic or Turco-Indian is used to refer to people and dynasties of mixed Turkic and Indian descent, as well as the fusion culture formed as a result. Present day The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various princely states in the Kathiawar Agency. They are also good traders. Like other Gujarati Muslims, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control. Notable people and dynasties *Timurid dynasty *Gh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Early Modern India
Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Sedentism, Sedentariness began in South Asia around 7000 BCE; by 4500 BCE, settled life had spread, and gradually evolved into the Indus Valley Civilisation, one of three early Cradle of civilization, cradles of civilisation in the Old World, which flourished between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and north-western India. Early in the second millennium BCE, 4.2 kiloyear event, persistent drought caused the population of the Indus Valley to scatter from large urban centres to villages. Rigvedic tribes, Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several Indo-Aryan migration theory, waves of migration. The Vedic Period of the Vedic people in northern India (1500–500 BCE) was marked by the composition of their extensive collections of hymns (Vedas). The social structure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tughlaqs
The Tughlaq dynasty (also known as the Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty; ) was the third dynasty to rule over the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India. Its reign started in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and ended in 1413.Edmund Wright (2006), A Dictionary of World History, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, The Indo-Turkic dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military campaign led by Muhammad bin Tughluq, and reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335. It ruled most of the Indian subcontinent for this brief period.W. Haig (1958), The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, pp 153-163 Origin The etymology of the word ''Tughlaq'' is not certain. The 16th-century writer Firishta claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term ''Qutlugh'', but this is doubtful. Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughlaq was not an ancestral desi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkic Peoples
Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West Asia, West, Central Asia, Central, East Asia, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic subfamily...". "The Turkic peoples represent a diverse collection of ethnic groups defined by the Turkic languages." According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in the Altai-Sayan region, Mongolia or Tuva.: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia": "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..." Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became nomadic Pastoralism, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyār Khaljī, also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji, was a Turko-Afghan Military General of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who led the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bihar and established himself as their deputy-ruler/governor, He was the founder of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal, ruling Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE. Khalji's invasions of the Indian subcontinent between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and massacres of monks, and caused damage to the traditional Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India. In Bengal, Khalji's reign was responsible for the displacement of Buddhism. The leading centre of teaching for Mahayana Buddhism was Nalanda mahavihara, Nalanda. At the end of the 12th century, Bakhityar Khalji demolished the monastery in a brutal sacking . His rule is said to have begun the Muslim rule in India, Muslim r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rukunuddin Kaikaus
Rukunuddin Kaikaus (, ) was an independent Sultan of Bengal who ruled from 1291 to 1300 CE. He succeeded his father Nasiruddin Bughra Khan. In several inscriptions and coins he styled himself as ''Sultan bin al-Sultan bin al-Sultan'' (the Sultan, son of a Sultan, son of a Sultan), ''Sultan-us-Salatin'' (the Sultan of Sultans). History Kaikaus ascended the throne after the abdication of his father Nasiruddin Bughra Khan. During his reign, he had divided his kingdom into two parts - Bihar and Lakhnauti, and appointed Ikhtiyaruddin Firoz Itgin as the Governor of Bihar and Shahabuddin Zafar Khan Bahram Itgin as the Governor of Lakhnauti. Zafar Khan Itgin conquered Satgaon in south-western Bengal. His kingdom extended to Bihar in the west, Devkot in the north and Satgaon in the south. He put a vast kingdom under his control. Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji also accepted Kaikaus's independent dominance of Bengal. On Muharram 692 AH (1292-1293 CE), Kaikaus ordered Ikhtiyaruddin Firuz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasiruddin Bughra Khan
Nasiruddin Bughra Khan (, ) was the governor (1281–1287) and later the independent sultan of Bengal (1287–1291). He was the son of Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban. Earlier Bughra Khan was the governor of Samana (Patiala) and Sanam (Sangrur). History Governor of Bengal Bughra Khan assisted his father, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban, to crush the rebellion of the governor of Lakhnauti, Tughral Tughan Khan. Then Bughra was appointed the governor of Bengal. After the death of his eldest brother, Prince Muhammad, he was asked to take the throne of Delhi by Sultan Ghiyasuddin. But Bughra was indulged in his Bengal governorship and refused the offer. Sultan Ghiyasuddin instead nominated Kaikhasrau, son of Prince Muhammad. Independent Sultan of Bengal After the death of Ghiyasuddin in 1287, Bughra Khan declared independence of Bengal. Nijamuddin, the Prime Minister, appointed Nasiruddin Bughra Khan's son, Qaiqabad, as the Sultan of Delhi. But inefficient ruling of Qaiqabad spread ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki
Izzauddin Balban-e-Iuzbaki () was the Governor of Bengal during 1257–1259 CE. History After the death of Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak who had rebelled from Delhi and declared himself Sultan of Bengal, Izzauddin was appointed as the Governor of Bengal by the sultan of Delhi. His short Governorship of 2 years was spent in fighting the Eastern Ganga dynasty who held most of the Province between them. During one such campaign, Tatar Khan, the Governor of Oudh, invaded North Bengal and declared himself Sultan. See also *List of rulers of Bengal *History of Bengal *History of India Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Sedentism, Sedentariness began in South Asia around 7000 BCE; ... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Balban Iuzbaki, Izz al-Din 13th-century Indian Muslims 13th-century Indian people 13th-century Indian monarchs Governors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak
Malik Ikhtiyār ad-Dīn Yūzbak (), also known as Mughith ad-Din Abu al-Muzaffar (), was the appointed as the Delhi Sultanate's Governor of Bengal from 1251 CE to 1255 CE. He became an independent Sultan of North Bengal from 1255 CE to 1257 CE. As governor Yuzbak was appointed Governor of Bengal after Masud Jani was unable to defeat the forces delegated by Emperor Narasingha Deva I of Eastern Ganga for four years. In 1254, he invaded the Azmardan Raj (present-day Ajmiriganj) in northeast Bengal and managed to defeat the local Raja. In 1255, Yuzbak succeeded in repulsing Emperor Narasingha's forces, led by the emperor's son-in-law Savantar, away from south-western Bengal. After capturing Mandaran in western Bengal, Yuzbak fixed the border between the two empires at the Damodar River. As independent Sultan Following the recapture of Mandaran and southwestern Bengal, he signed a treaty of alliance with Narasingha and declared himself independent of the Delhi Sultanate. He style ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tughlaq Tamar Khan
Tughlaq Tamar Khan () was the governor of Oudh and Bengal during the reign of Sultan Aluddin Masud Shah. History The Province of Bengal, under the governorship of Tughral Tughan Khan, was invaded by Odia armies in the year 1241. After the Province was overrun, the Sultanate Governor of Oudh, Tughral Tamar Khan, was appointed to lead a relief army to Bengal to aid Tughan Khan however at Darbhanga on the border of Bengal and Bihar, the Tamar Khan attempted to depose Tughan Khan himself. Though unable to slay his rival, Tamar Khan was able to drive him from the Province and gain control of both the Sultanate armies of Bengal and Oudh by bribing the remaining generals. In 1246, Tamar Khan finally entered Bengal where, aided by a revolt of local Zamindars, he was able to take control of the old capital of Devkot. However his attempts to rebuild the Navy were defeated. At the Siege of Lakhnauti, formerly sacked by the Odia armies in 1242, Tamar Khan's forces was repelled. In 1247 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tughral Tughan Khan
Tughral Tughan Khan (, ), later known as Mughith ad-Din Tughral (, ), was an officer of the Delhi Sultanate. He was the governor of Bengal during 1236-1246 CE and again during 1272-1281 CE. Biography He was a Turkic of Khitan origin and was a slave-officer bought by Sultan Iltutmish. He was the given the iqta' of Badayun before being appointed the Governor of Bihar by the Sultan in 1232 as Saifuddin Aibak had been transferred to Lakhnauti. Following the death of Iltutmish, assassination of Saifuddin Aibak and the subsequent ascension of the rebel usurper Awar Khan Aibak, Tughan invaded Bengal and successfully defeated Awar Khan in 1236. Immediately after assuming power, Tughan Khan led a number of expeditions. He established his dominance throughout Bengal, Bihar and Oudh while staying loyal to the Delhi Sultanate. He conquered Tirhut in September 1242. He advanced westwards towards Kara, where he got news of the ascension of Sultan Ala ud din Masud. In 1242, he ordered h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awar Khan Aibak
Awar Khan Aibak (, ) was an usurper to the governorship of Bengal ( Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk Sultan Iltutmish. His rule lasted in 1236 before effectively being overthrown and replaced by Tughral Tughan Khan. Biography Khan was a courtier of Saifuddin Aibak, the Governor of Bengal. Described as "a Turk of great daring and impetuosity", Khan assassinated Saifuddin in 1236 and assumed power in the iqta' of Lakhnauti. It is suspected that he saw this opportunity as the Sultan Iltutmish had just died. The governor of Bihar, Tughral Tughan Khan, demanded Awar Khan to surrender the province of Lakhnauti back to the Delhi Sultanate. They fought in a battle between the city of Lakhnauti and the fortress of Baskot. Awar Khan was defeated and killed. Tughral in turn assumed power in both Bengal and Bihar, as a governor for the Sultan. See also * List of rulers of Bengal * History of Bengal The history of Bengal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saifuddin Aibak
Malik Saif ad-Dīn Aibak Yughantat (, ) was a governor of Bengal ( Lakhnauti) under the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi from 1232 to 1236. He was the first of the slave-officers to govern Bengal. Early life Aibak was a Khitan of the Turco-Persian tradition. He was purchased as a slave by Iltutmish from the heirs of Ikhtiyar ad-Din Chust Qaba. Through his hard work and efforts, he managed to rise through the ranks, becoming the more powerful amongst the Maliks and titled Amir al-Majlis. He was given the iqta' of 28 wilayat in Sursuti by 1227. He was later stationed in Bihar. Governor of Bengal After the dismissal of Alauddin Jani, the Sultan appointed Aibak to be the next governor of Bengal. During his governorship, Aibak took on an expedition to South Bengal with the intention of capturing elephants. His expedition was successful, capturing a number of elephants, and dispatching several of them to the Sultan. Iltutmish was pleased with Aibak and conferred him the title of "Yughantat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
