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Independence Of Estonia
The Estonian Declaration of Independence, formally titled the Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia (), is the founding document which established the independent democratic Republic of Estonia in 1918. Issued during a period of intense political upheaval and foreign occupation in the wake of World War I and the Russian Revolution, the declaration asserted Estonia's national sovereignty and commitment to democratic governance. The declaration announces and explains the separation of Estonia from the Russian Empire. The Declaration was authored under the supervision of the Estonian Salvation Committee and adopted on 21 February 1918 unanimously by the Estonian Provincial Assembly's Council of Elders. It was read publicly for the first time on 23 February 1918, at 8 p.m. from the balcony of the Endla Theatre in Pärnu by Hugo Kuusner, a delegate of the Provincial Assembly. This historic act marked the formal proclamation of Estonia's independence. The proclamation in Pärnu preced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stenbock House
Stenbock House () is a prominent neo-classical building located on Toompea hill, Tallinn. It is the official seat of the Government of Estonia. History The history of the Stenbock house goes back to the 1780s, when the local administration of what was then the Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire launched a scheme to erect new buildings for administrative purposes. Originally, the building was intended as a courthouse. Count Jakob Pontus Stenbock, an influential local aristocrat and owner of a large estate in Hiiumaa, won the tender to erect a new building on Toompea hill in the middle of Tallinn (Reval). The architect for the new house was Johann Caspar Mohr, a provincial architect who was responsible for the maintenance of public buildings in Estonia and a popular designer of local manor houses. The construction of the building started in 1787. Almost immediately, however, the Russian state ran low on funds as a result of expenditures in connection with the ongoing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juhan Liiv
Juhan Liiv ( – ) is one of Estonia's most famous poets and prose writers. Childhood Juhan (birth name Johannes) Liiv, the son of Benjamin and Marianna Liiv (née Pärn), was born on 30 April 1864, in Alatskivi Parish (now Peipsiääre Parish), in the Kreis Dorpat of the Governorate of Livonia. He grew up in Rupsi village, on Oja farm owned by his family. Liiv grew up in a poor and devoutly religious family and was second youngest of eight children; three of whom died in infancy, including his only two sisters Liisa and Miina. His older brother Jakob also became a poet. At home, he and his siblings were raised to be staunch Christians and his parents were quick to reprimand any small transgression. Despite their poverty and religion, Liiv's parents understood the importance of education and invested what little money they had towards their children's schooling. He first studied at Naelavere Village School, then at Kodavere Parish School. After going through both schools h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eesti Ekspress
''Eesti Ekspress'' (''Estonian Express'') is an Estonian weekly newspaper. Founded in 1989, ''Eesti Ekspress'' was the first politically independent newspaper in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet control of Estonia. The paper is published by AS Eesti Ajalehed, a part of the public media company Ekspress Grupp (EEG1T) that is listed on the Tallinn Stock Exchange. In March 2010 the newspaper shifted to a magazine-like format (275 × 355 mm) resembling ''Der Spiegel'' and ''Stern''. History and profile The paper was founded in 1989. The first issue was published on 22 September 1989. Making use of Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost, it was established as a weekly newspaper in 1989 by Hans H. Luik and others. The headquarters is in Tallinn Tallinn is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Estonia, most populous city of Estonia. Situated on a Tallinn Bay, bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Balti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hando Runnel
Hando Runnel (born 24 November 1938 in Liutsalu, Järva County) is an Estonian poet. From 1957 to 1962, he studied agronomy at the Estonian Agricultural Academy. From 1966 to 1971, he worked on the editorial board of the journal ''Looming''. Since 1992, he has been the chairman of the governing council of Ilmamaa Publishers. He was the chief editor of the series ''Eesti mõttelugu' (Estonian History of Thought). Awards and recognitions * Wiedemann Language Award (2024) * 1st Class of the Order of the National Coat of Arms (2025) References 1938 births Living people 20th-century Estonian poets 21st-century Estonian poets Estonian male poets People from Järva Parish Politicians from Järva County {{Estonia-writer-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Estonia
Ancient Estonia refers to a period covering History of Estonia from the middle of the 8th millennium BC until the conquest and subjugation of the local Finnic tribes in the first quarter of the 13th century during the Teutonic and Danish Northern Crusades. The Mesolithic Period The region has been populated since the end of the last glacial era, about 10,000 BC. The earliest traces of human settlement in Estonia are connected with Kunda culture. The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was located on the banks of the river Pärnu, near the town of Sindi, in southwestern Estonia. It has been dated to the beginning of the 9th millennium BC. The Kunda Culture received its name from the ''Lammasmäe'' settlement site in northern Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500. Bone and stone artifacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in Latvia, Russia, northern Lithuania and southern Finland. Among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Robert Jakobson
Carl Robert Jakobson ( – ) was an Estonian writer, politician and teacher active in the Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire. He was one of the most important persons of the Estonian national awakening in the second half of the 19th century. Political activity Between 1860 and 1880, the Governorate of Livonia was led by a moderate nobility-dominated government. Jakobson became the leader of the radical wing, advocating widespread reforms in Livonia. He was responsible for the economic-political program of the Estonian national movement. Jakobson urged Estonians to demand equal political rights with the region's Germans and an end to privileged position of the Baltic-German nobility. In 1878, Jakobson established the first Estonian-language political newspaper '' Sakala''. The paper quickly became a vital promoter of the cultural awakening. He also had a central role in the establishment of the Society of Estonian Literati The Society of Estonian Literati ( – EKmS) was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalevi (mythology)
Kaleva – also known as Kalevi or Kalev – and his sons are important heroic figures in Estonian, Finnish and Karelian mythology. In the Finnish epic the ''Kalevala'', he is an ancient Finnish ruler. In Estonian mythology and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald's epic poem ''Kalevipoeg'', King Kalev was the father of King Kalevipoeg and the husband of Linda. History Some historians have suggested that the oldest known written reference to Kaleva (Kalev / Kalevi) can be found in the 6th- or 7th-century Anglo-Saxon poem "Widsith", which was copied into the Exeter Book, a manuscript of Old English poems compiled in the late 10th century. "Widsith" states that Caesar ruled the Greeks, Caelic the Finns ... I was with the Greeks and Finns and also with Caesar ... Some historians have interpreted the term "Caelic" to refer to the ancient Finnish ruler Kaleva mentioned in the Kalevala. The first clear written references appear in a list of deities published by Mikael Agricola in 1551 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runic Song
Runic song, also referred to as ''Rune'' song, ''Runo'' song, or ''Kalevala'' song, is a form of oral poetry and national epic historically practiced among the Baltic Finnic peoples. It includes the Finnish epic poems ''Kalevala'' and '' Kanteletar'', as well as the Estonian '' Kalevipoeg''. Estonian and Finnish researchers suggest the term runosong for English translation, or local terms, such as Estonian ''regilaul'', Seto ''leelo'' or Finnish ''runolaulu'' when it is about regional tradition. Description Runic song is typically monophonic among most Baltic Finnic groups, though it is generally polyphonic when practiced among the Seto. Runic song usually does not contain rhyming couplets, but is frequently heard in alliterative trochaic tetrameter, or Kalevala meter. Runic song is usually sung in , though quadruple metre and sextuple metre singing also exists. In addition to their musical character, runic singers also are required to follow certain practices as they san ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald
Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald ( – ) was an Estonians, Estonian writer and the author of the national epic ''Kalevipoeg''. Life Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald's parents were born at the Jõepere, Jömper estate, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire (in present-day Jõepere, Lääne-Viru County, Estonia) where his father Juhan worked as a shoemaker and granary keeper and mother Anne was a chambermaid. The family sent their son to continue his studies at the Rakvere, Wesenberg (Rakvere) district school. In 1820, he graduated from secondary school in Dorpat (Tartu) and began working as an elementary school teacher. In 1833, Kreutzwald graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tartu, Imperial University of Dorpat. Kreutzwald married Marie Elisabeth Saedler on 18 August the same year. From 1833 to 1877, he worked as the City physician, municipal physician in Võru, Werro (Võru). He was the member of numerous scientific societies in Europe and received honorary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalevipoeg
''Kalevipoeg'' (, ''Kalev's Son'') is a 19th-century epic poem by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald which has since been considered the Estonian national epic. Origins In pre-Christian ancient Estonia there existed an oral tradition, known as runic song, of legends explaining the origin of the world. Within old Estonian folklore, a benevolent giant by the name of ''Kalev'', ''Kalevine'', ''Kalevipoiss'', ''Kalevine poisikine'' and ''Kalevin poika'' appears, battling with other giants or enemies of the nation. Early written references are found in Leyen Spiegel in 1641 as "Kalliweh", and in a list of deities published by Mikael Agricola in 1551 as "Caleuanpoiat". The earliest remaining written reference to Kalevipoeg – also known as Kaleva in Finland – is by many experts considered to be one found in Widsith, also known as ''The Traveller's Song'', which also provides the earliest known written usage of the name Viking, with the spelling ''wicing''. Widsith is a 6th or 7t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Church, Catholic Christian Military order (society), military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the paganism, pagan Balts, Baltic, Baltic Finns, Finnic and West Slavs, West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. The most notable campaigns were the Livonian Crusade, Livonian and Prussian Crusade, Prussian crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, however others, including the 12th century First Swedish Crusade and several following military incursions by Scandinavian Christians against the then pagan Finnish people, Finns, were dubbed "crusades" only in the 19th century by romantic nationalism, romantic nationalist historians. However, crusades against Estonians and against "other pagans in those parts" were authorized by Pope Alexander III in the crusade bull, crusade Papal bull, bull ''Non parum animus noster'', in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
