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Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU; ) is a public university located in the exclave of Kaliningrad, Russia. Following World War II, the city of Königsberg was transferred to Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Agreement, and the city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The University of Konigsberg, commonly known as Albertina, was closed and the remaining German population were expelled, by the terms of the Potsdam Agreement. Today, the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University claims to maintain the traditions of the Albertina. History It was known as the University of Koenigsberg (Albertina), which was founded in 1544. Also, this higher educational institution is also known for the fact that one of its graduates is one of the most outstanding European philosophers — Immanuel Kant. It was East Prussia's sole university and was specially regarded for its mathematics and astronomy. The campus was severely damaged by British aerial bombing in August 1944 during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public University
A public university, state university, or public college is a university or college that is State ownership, owned by the state or receives significant funding from a government. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape. In contrast a private university is usually owned and operated by a private corporation (not-for-profit or for profit). Both types are often regulated, but to varying degrees, by the government. Africa Algeria In Algeria, public universities are a key part of the education system, and education is considered a right for all citizens. Access to these universities requires passing the Baccalaureate (Bac) exam, with each institution setting its own grade requirements (out of 20) for different majors and programs. Notable public universities include the Algiers 1 University, University of Algiers, Oran 1 University, University of Oran, and Constantin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerhard Schröder
Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (; born 7 April 1944) is a German former politician and Lobbying, lobbyist who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. From 1999 to 2004, he was also the Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). As chancellor, he led a coalition government of the SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens. Since leaving public office, Schröder has worked for Russian state-owned energy companies, including Nord Stream AG, Rosneft, and Gazprom. Schröder was a lawyer before becoming a full-time politician, and he was Minister President of Lower Saxony (1990–1998) before becoming chancellor. Replacing the longest-ruling chancellor in modern German history, Helmut Kohl (CDU), in the 1998 German federal election, 1998 federal election, he tried to address unemployment and poverty with the Agenda 2010 labour market reform, which increased Hartz IV, welfare benefits. Together with French president Jacques Chirac, in 2003, he did not join the Coalition of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universities And Colleges Established In 1948
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic monks. The University of Bologna (), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *being a high degree-awarding institute. *using the word (which was coined at its foundation). *having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law and notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Mid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU; ) is a public university located in the exclave of Kaliningrad, Russia. Following World War II, the city of Königsberg was transferred to Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Agreement, and the city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The University of Konigsberg, commonly known as Albertina, was closed and the remaining German population were expelled, by the terms of the Potsdam Agreement. Today, the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University claims to maintain the traditions of the Albertina. History It was known as the University of Koenigsberg (Albertina), which was founded in 1544. Also, this higher educational institution is also known for the fact that one of its graduates is one of the most outstanding European philosophers — Immanuel Kant. It was East Prussia's sole university and was specially regarded for its mathematics and astronomy. The campus was severely damaged by British aerial bombing in August 1944 during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rule According To Higher Law
The rule according to a higher law is a philosophical concept that no law may be enforced by the government unless it conforms with certain universal principles (written or unwritten) of fairness, morality, and justice. Thus, ''the rule according to a higher law'' may serve as a practical legal criterion to qualify the instances of political or economical decision-making, when a government, even though acting in conformity with clearly defined and properly enacted law, still produces results which many observers find unfair or unjust. Doctrine The idea of a law of ultimate justice over and above the momentary law of the state—a higher law—was first introduced into post-Roman Europe by the Canon law (Catholic Church), Catholic canon law jurists. "Higher law" can be interpreted in this context as the divine law, divine or natural law or basic legal values, established in the international law—the choice depending on the viewpoint; no matter the source, it is a law above the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rechtsstaat
''Rechtsstaat'' (; lit. "state of law"; "legal state") is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originating in Germany, German jurisprudence. It can be translated into English as "rule of law", alternatively "legal state", state of law, "state of justice", or "state based on justice and integrity". It means that everyone is subjected to the law, especially governments. A ''Rechtsstaat'' is a constitutional state in which the exercise of government, governmental power is constrained by the law. It is closely related to "constitutionalism" which is often tied to the Anglo-American concept of the rule of law, but differs from it in also emphasizing what is Justice, just (i.e., a concept of morality, moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or Equity (law), equity). Thus it is the opposite of ''Obrigkeitsstaat'' () or ''Nichtrechtsstaat'' (a state based on the arbitrary use of power), and of ''Unrechtsstaat'' (a non-''Rechtsstaat'' with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Philosophy Of Immanuel Kant
The political philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) favoured a classical republican approach. In '' Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch'' (1795), Kant listed several conditions that he thought necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace. They included a world of constitutional republics by establishment of political community. His classical republican theory was extended in ''Doctrine of Right'' (1797), the first part of '' Metaphysics of Morals''. At the end of the 20th century Kant's political philosophy had been enjoying a remarkable renaissance in English-speaking countries with more major studies in a few years than had appeared in the preceding many decades. Overview Kant's most significant contribution to political philosophy and the philosophy of law is the doctrine of ''Rechtsstaat''. According to this doctrine, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of authority. The ''Rechtsstaat'' is a concept i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koenigsberg Observatory
Koenigsberg Observatory (; obs. code: 058) was an astronomical observatory and research facility which was attached to the Albertina University in Königsberg, what is now Kaliningrad, Russia. The observatory was destroyed by Royal Air Force bombs in August 1944 during the Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo .... Only the reduit (interior of the building) remained from the bastion. The building is a semicircular two-storey building with a brick vault. Nowadays, the building is considered a regional architectural monument. Description It was founded in 1810 and started working in 1813. Well-known astronomers who used the observatory included Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander, Arthur Auwers and Hermann Struve. In 1838, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Webometrics
The science of webometrics (also cybermetrics) tries to measure the World Wide Web to get knowledge about the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the World Wide Web and using patterns. According to Björneborn and Ingwersen, the definition of webometrics is "the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web drawing on Bibliometrics, bibliometric and informetrics, informetric approaches." The term ''webometrics'' was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen (1997). A second definition of webometrics has also been introduced, "the study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study", which emphasizes the development of applied methods for use in the wider social sciences. The purpose of this alternative definition was to help publicize appropriate methods outside the information-science discipli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Times Higher Education World University Ranking
The ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'', often referred to as the THE Rankings, is the annual publication of university rankings by the ''Times Higher Education'' magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) to publish the joint ''Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, THE-QS World University Rankings'' from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system from 2010 to 2013. In 2014, the magazine signed an agreement with Elsevier to provide it with the data used in compiling its annual rankings. The publication includes global rankings of universities, including by subject and reputation. It also has begun publishing three regional tables for universities in Asia, Latin America, and BRICS and emerging economies, which are ranked with separate criteria and weightings. The THE Rankings is often considered one of the most widely observed university rankings together with the ''Academic Ranking of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kantianism
Kantianism () is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). The term ''Kantianism'' or ''Kantian'' is sometimes also used to describe contemporary positions in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and ethics. Ethics Kantian ethics is deontological, revolving entirely around duty rather than the moral actor or the consequences of the actions. All actions are performed in accordance with some underlying maxim or principle, which are vastly different from each other; it is according to this that the moral worth of any action is judged. Kant's ethics are founded on his view of rationality as the ultimate good and his belief that all people are fundamentally rational beings. This led to the most important part of Kant's ethics, the formulation of the categorical imperative, which is the criterion for whether a maxim is good or bad. Simply put, this criterion amounts to a thought experiment: to attempt to universali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post-graduate
Postgraduate education, graduate education, or graduate school consists of academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree. The organization and structure of postgraduate education varies in different countries, as well as in different institutions within countries. The term "graduate school" or "grad school" is typically used in North America, while "postgraduate" is more common in the rest of the English-speaking world. Graduate degrees can include master's and doctoral degrees, and other qualifications such as graduate diplomas, certificates and professional degrees. A distinction is typically made between graduate schools (where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular profession) and professional schools, which can include medical school, law school, business school, and other institutions of speciali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
