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Ica Stones
The Ica stones are a collection of andesite stones from the Ica Province in Peru, known for their engraved motifs. Largely regarded to be modern hoaxes,, also online askepdic/ref> the stones in some cases utilize art styles from various pre-Columbian Peruvian civilizations and often depict anachronistic scenes or objects, including dinosaurs and advanced technology. Stones with engraved artwork were first reported in Peru in the middle fifteenth century during the Spanish conquest. Subsequent archaeological finds have been next to non-existent, though ''huaqueros'' (grave robbers) at some point prior to the 1960s began selling stones similar to the Ica stones. The modern set of stones were first popularized in the 1960s and 1970s. The most widely known collection of stones, numbering around 20,000 individual objects, belonged to the physician Javier Cabrera Darquea. Cabrera purchased the majority of his stones from the farmer Basilo Uschuya and believed them to represent eviden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ica Stones3
ICA or ica may refer to: Places * Ica, Peru, a city in southern Peru ** Ica Province, containing the city *** Ica Region, containing the province ** Ica River, passing through the city * Içá River, Brazil, also known as the Putumayo River, a tributary of the Amazon Companies and organizations * Empresas ICA, a Mexican construction company * ICA AB, a Swedish retail food business, formerly named ICA Ahold AB * Indoor Cricket Australia * Informatics Corporation of America, a private health information technology company * Innovative Communications Alliance, between Microsoft and Nortel * Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, in Winnipeg, Canada * Institute of Cultural Affairs International, an international non-profit organization * Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand, an industry trade group * Interbank Card Association, now known as Mastercard * Interfaculty Committee Agraria, an association of over 60 biological science universities * Intermuseum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patina
Patina ( or ) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze and similar metals and metal alloys ( tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes) or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface through age and exposure. Additionally, the term is used to describe the aging of high-quality leather. The patinas on leather goods are unique to the type of leather, frequency of use, and exposure. Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing. Usage On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements (oxygen, rain, acid rain, carbon dioxide, sulfur-bearing compounds). In common parlance, weathering rust on steel is often mistakenly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ica Stones1
ICA or ica may refer to: Places * Ica, Peru, a city in southern Peru ** Ica Province, containing the city *** Ica Region, containing the province ** Ica River, passing through the city * Içá River, Brazil, also known as the Putumayo River, a tributary of the Amazon Companies and organizations * Empresas ICA, a Mexican construction company * ICA AB, a Swedish retail food business, formerly named ICA Ahold AB * Indoor Cricket Australia * Informatics Corporation of America, a private health information technology company * Innovative Communications Alliance, between Microsoft and Nortel * Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, in Winnipeg, Canada * Institute of Cultural Affairs International, an international non-profit organization * Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand, an industry trade group * Interbank Card Association, now known as Mastercard * Interfaculty Committee Agraria, an association of over 60 biological science universities * Intermuseum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Howland Rowe
John Howland Rowe (June 10, 1918 – May 1, 2004) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist known for his extensive research on Peru, especially on the Inca civilization. Rowe studied classical archaeology at Brown University (1935–1939) and anthropology at Harvard University (1939–1941). After graduating he traveled to Peru where he undertook archaeological research and taught until 1943. Between 1944 and 1946 he served as sergeant in the U.S. Combat Engineers in Europe. From 1946 to 1948 he studied the Guambía people in Colombia for the Smithsonian Institution, returning briefly to Harvard in 1946 to complete his doctorate in Latin American history and anthropology in 1947. In 1948 he started teaching at the University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Duncan Strong
William Duncan Strong (1899–1962) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist noted for his application of the direct historical approach to the study of indigenous peoples of North and South America. Early life and education Strong was born in Portland, Oregon. He initially studied zoology, but he changed his focus to anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, under the influence of Alfred L. Kroeber, who became his "principal teacher, mentor, and friend". Strong completed his doctorate in 1926. Career Strong's doctoral dissertation, "An Analysis of Southwestern Society", was published in ''American Anthropologist''. A related study of his, ''Aboriginal Society in Southern California'', presenting his detailed fieldwork among the Serrano, Luiseño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla peoples, has been characterized as "one of the earliest and one of the best efforts by a United States anthropologist to combine structural-functional analysis with historical data and interpre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Kroeber
Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 – October 5, 1960) was an American cultural anthropologist. He received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. He was also the first professor appointed to the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. He played an integral role in the early days of its Museum of Anthropology, where he served as director from 1909 through 1947. Kroeber provided detailed information about Ishi, the last surviving member of the Yahi people, whom he studied over a period of years. He was the father of the acclaimed novelist, poet, and writer of short stories Ursula K. Le Guin. Life Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to parents of German Protestant origin. His mother Johanna Muller was an American of German descent; his father Florence Kroeber came to the United States from Germany at the age of ten, with his parents and family, and became an importer of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julio C
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Julio is the Spanish equivalent of the month July and may refer to: *Julio (given name) *Julio (surname) *Júlio de Castilhos, a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil * ''Julio'' (album), a 1983 compilation album by Julio Iglesias *Julio, a character in ''Romiette and Julio'' by Sharon M. Draper Other *Don Julio, a brand of tequila produced in Mexico * Hurricane Julio, a list of storms named Julio * Jules * ''Julie-O'', musical work for solo cello by Mark Summer *Julio 204 or JULIO 204, one of the first graffiti writers in New York City *Julio-Claudian dynasty, the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero * Julius (other) The gens Julia (''gēns Iūlia'', ) was one of the most prominent patrician families in ancient Rome. Members of the gens attained the highest dignities of the state in the earliest times of the Republic. The first of the family to obtain the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Uhle
Friedrich Max Uhle (25 March 1856 – 11 May 1944) was a German archaeologist, whose work in Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia at the turn of the Twentieth Century had a significant impact on the practice of archaeology of South America. Biography Uhle was born in Dresden, Germany on 25 March 1856 and received his Ph.D. in 1880 from the University of Leipzig. He married Charlotte Grosse from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he worked at the University of Pennsylvania for several years. Trained as a philologist, Uhle became interested in Peru while a curator at Dresden Museum. In 1888, a close friend, Alphons Stübel, who had recently published an article on the history of Peruvian archaeology, suggested Uhle concentrate his studies on that region. He first traveled to South America in 1892 to initiate research in Argentina and Bolivia for the Konigliches Museum fur Völkerkunde in Berlin, Germany. In that same year he published ''"The Ruins of Tiahuanaco in the Highlands of Anc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ica Valley
The Ica is a 220 kilometer long river in Peru which flows south from highlands in Huancavelica Region to the Pacific Ocean through Ica Region and passing the region's capital, the city of Ica. The river is normally dry during much of the year, but can flood and do major damage as the flood disaster in the city of Ica in 1998 (likely linked to the 1997-98 El Niño event). The Ica valley has an average rainfall of 3 mm a year and a fairly uniform temperature throughout the year with a maximum monthly average of 25 °C in February and a minimum of 17 °C in July. The natural catchment area for the Ica was 7711 km ², but a project that sought to increase and regulate the water supply, using lake Chuqlluqucha, added 392 km ². See also *Ica (other) *List of rivers of Peru *List of rivers of the Americas by coastline This list of rivers of the Americas by coastline includes the major coastal rivers of the Americas arranged by country. A link t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inca Empire
The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. The Spanish began the conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 and by 1572, the last Inca state was fully conquered. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined modern-day Peru, what are now western Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, the southwesternmost tip of Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, and into a state comparable to the historical empires of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohs Scale Of Mineral Hardness
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness () is a Qualitative property, qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch hardness, scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. The scale was introduced in 1812 by the German geologist and Mineralogy, mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, in his book ''"Versuch einer Elementar-Methode zur naturhistorischen Bestimmung und Erkennung der Fossilien"''; it is one of several definitions of Hardness comparison, hardness in materials science, some of which are more quantitative. The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise ''On Stones'', , followed by Pliny the Elder in his ''Natural History (Pliny), Naturalis Historia'', . The Mohs scale is useful for identification of minerals in the field, but is not an accurate predictor of how well materials endure in an industrial s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay particles, but become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of iron oxide. Clay is the oldest known ceramic material. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making pottery. Some of the earliest pottery shards have been dated to around 14,000 BC, and clay tablets were the first known writing medium. Clay is used in many modern industrial processes, such as paper making, cement production, and chemical filtering. Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population live or work in buildings made with clay, ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
