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Ialonus
In ancient Celtic religion, Ialonus Contrebis or Ialonus or Gontrebis was a god (or perhaps two related gods) worshipped in what are now Lancashire and Provence. Ialonus is thought to be the god of clearings and/or meadows. Name The name ''Ialonus'', which may have designated a god of clearing, derives from the Celtic stem ''ialo(n)''- ('cleared place, clearing'; cf. Middle Welsh ''ial'' 'clearing', ''an-ial'' 'wasteland'). The stem ''ialon''- also had the meaning 'village' in Gaulish. In the words of Xavier Delamarre, "In forest-covered Gaul, a village was essentially established by clearing a wood." The name ''Contrebis'' is based on the prefix ''con''- ('with, together') attached to the root ''-treb''- ('settlement'; cf. Old Irish ''treb'', Middle Welsh ''tref'', Old Breton ''treff'' 'town, dwelling-place'). It can be compared with the Celtiberian place name ''Contrebia'', meaning 'conurbation'. Cult He is known from three dedicatory inscriptions. One, at Lancaster, was de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Over Burrow Roman Fort
Over Burrow Roman Fort is the modern name given to a former Roman fort at Over Burrow (or Burrow-in-Londsale), Lancashire in North West England. Today it is the site of the 18th-century country house Burrow Hall. The first castra is thought to have been founded in the first century AD within the Roman province of Britannia. The fort's Roman name is not known, but is assumed to be one of those recorded in Route X of the Antonine Itinerary. ''Galacum'' or ''Calacum'', originally conjectured by William Camden, was still being proposed in 1979. However, in 1998 David Shotter suggested that ''Galacum'' would be more appropriately applied to Lancaster and '' Alone'' (previously assigned to Watercrook in Cumbria) for Over Burrow. Camden also associated the site with Ptolemy's , one of the cities of the Brigantes. The fort is likely the origin of the modern name as Burrow comes from the Old English meaning fortified place. History The fort was likely built on the slight prominence no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celtic Polytheism
Ancient Celtic religion, commonly known as Celtic paganism, was the religion of the ancient Celts, Celtic peoples of Europe. Because there are no extant native records of their beliefs, evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology, Greco-Roman accounts (some of them hostile and probably not well-informed), and literature from the early Christian period.Miranda Aldhouse-Green, Green, Miranda (2012). "Chapter 25: The Gods and the supernatural", ''The Celtic World''. Routledge. pp.465–485 Celtic paganism was one of a larger group of polytheistic Indo-European religion, Indo-European religions of Iron Age Europe. While the List of Celtic deities, specific deities worshipped varied by region and over time, underlying this were broad similarities in both Celtic deities, deities and "a basic religious homogeneity" among the Celtic peoples. Widely worshipped Celtic gods included Lugus, Toutatis, Taranis, Cernunnos, Epona, Maponos, Belenos, and Sucellos. Sacred springs we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lancashire
Lancashire ( , ; abbreviated ''Lancs'') is a ceremonial county in North West England. It is bordered by Cumbria to the north, North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire to the east, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The largest settlement is Preston, Lancashire, Preston, and the county town is the city of Lancaster, Lancashire, Lancaster. The county has an area of and a population of 1,490,300. Preston is located near the centre of the county, which is urbanised and includes the towns of Blackburn and Burnley; the seaside resort of Blackpool lies to the west, and Lancaster, Lancashire, Lancaster is in the north. For Local government in England, local government purposes the county comprises a non-metropolitan county, with twelve districts, and two Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority areas: Blackburn with Darwen and Borough of Blackpool, Blackpool. Lancashire County Council and the two unitary councils collaborate through the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provence
Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which stretches from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the France–Italy border, Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative Regions of France, region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and includes the Departments of France, departments of Var (department), Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, as well as parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse.''Le Petit Robert, Dictionnaire Universel des Noms Propres'' (1988). The largest city of the region and its modern-day capital is Marseille. The Ancient Rome, Romans made the region the first Roman province beyond the Alps and called it ''Provincia Romana'', which evolved into the present name. Until 1481 it was ruled by the List of rulers of Provence, counts of Provence from their capital in Aquae Sextiae (today Aix-en-Provence), then became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaulish
Gaulish is an extinct Celtic languages, Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine). In a wider sense, it also comprises varieties of Celtic that were spoken across much of central Europe ("Noric language, Noric"), parts of the Balkans, and Anatolia ("Galatian language, Galatian"), which are thought to have been closely related. The more divergent Lepontic language, Lepontic of Northern Italy has also sometimes been subsumed under Gaulish. Together with Lepontic and the Celtiberian language, Celtiberian spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, Gaulish is a member of the geographic group of Continental Celtic languages. The precise linguistic relationships among them, as well as between them and the modern Insul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xavier Delamarre
Xavier Delamarre (; born 5 June 1954) is a French linguist, lexicographer, and former diplomat. He is regarded as one of the world's foremost authorities on the Gaulish language. With linguist Romain Garnier, Delamarre is the co-publishing editor of ''Wékwos'', a journal founded in 2014 and devoted to Indo-European comparative linguistics. Career Born on 5 June 1954, Xavier Delamarre graduated from Sciences Po in 1977, then studied the Lithuanian language at INALCO. In 1984, he published ''Le Vocabulaire indo-européen'', a lexicon of Proto-Indo-European words. In 2001, Delamarre published an influential etymological dictionary of the Gaulish language entitled ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise''. A second enlarged edition was issued in 2003. Alongside his research in Indo-European and Celtic linguistics, Delamarre followed a career of diplomat from 1984 to 2014. He worked for the French diplomatic post in Helsinki (1984–86), then in Harare (1989–92), Vilnius (1992� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celtiberian Language
Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in the Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labeled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in Latin). Shorter and more fragmentary is the Novallas bronze tablet. Overview Under the P/Q Celtic hypothesis, and like its Iberian relative Gallaecian, Celtiberian is classified as a Q Celtic language, putting it in the same category as Goidelic and not P-Celtic like Gaulish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lancaster Roman Fort
Lancaster Roman Fort, also known as Wery Wall or ''Galacum'', is the modern name given to ruined former Roman fort atop Castle Hill in Lancaster in North West England. The first castra was founded within the Roman province of Britannia. The fort's name is not known. A Roman milestone found four miles outside Lancaster, with an inscription ending L MP IIII, meaning "from L— 4 miles", suggests that it began with that letter. However in 1998 David Shotter suggested that ''Galacum'', a name that has been associated with the fort at Over Burrow, would be more appropriately applied to Lancaster. The fort is thought to be the origin of the name Lancaster. It appears in the Domesday Book as ''Loncastre'', where "Lon" refers to the River Lune, with the Old English (borrowed from the Latin ) for "fort". History The first fort at Lancaster was built out of timber, probably around 80 AD, although Roman coins have been found in Lancaster dating back to the early 60s. It was likely built ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirkby Lonsdale
Kirkby Lonsdale () is a town and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria, England, on the River Lune. Historically in Westmorland, it lies south-east of Kendal on the A65. The parish recorded a population of 1,771 in the 2001 census, increasing to 1,843 at the 2011 Census. Notable buildings include St Mary's Church, a Norman building with fine carved columns. The view of the River Lune from the churchyard is known as Ruskin's View after John Ruskin, who called it one of the loveliest in England. It was painted by J. M. W. Turner. Governance Kirkby Lonsdale is in the Morecambe and Lunesdale parliamentary constituency; Lizzi Collinge of the Labour Party was elected as its Member of Parliament at the 2024 general election. In local government the town is within Westmorland and Furness. Until 2023 it was in the Kirkby Lonsdale ward of South Lakeland District Council and the Sedbergh & Kirkby Lonsdale Division of Cumbria County Council. It has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nîmes
Nîmes ( , ; ; Latin: ''Nemausus'') is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Gard Departments of France, department in the Occitania (administrative region), Occitanie Regions of France, region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Cévennes, the Communes of France, commune of Nîmes had an estimated population of 148,561 in 2019. Dubbed the most Roman city outside Italy, Nîmes has a rich history dating back to the Roman Empire when the city had a population of 50,000–60,000 and was the regional capital. Several famous monuments are in Nîmes, such as the Arena of Nîmes and the Maison Carrée. Because of this, Nîmes is often referred to as the "French Rome". Origins Nimes is situated where the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River abuts the hills of Mont Duplan to the northeast, Montaury to the southwest, and to the west Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc. Its name appears in inscriptions in Gaulish as ''dede matrebo Namausikabo'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fortuna
Fortuna (, equivalent to the Greek mythology, Greek goddess Tyche) is the goddess of fortune and the personification of luck in Religion in ancient Rome, Roman religion who, largely thanks to the Late Antique author Boethius, remained popular through the Middle Ages until at least the Renaissance. The blindfolded depiction of her is still an important figure in many aspects of today's Italian culture, where the dichotomy ''fortuna / sfortuna'' (luck / unluck) plays a prominent role in everyday social life, also represented by the very common refrain "La [dea] fortuna è cieca" (latin ''Fortuna caeca est''; "Luck [goddess] is blind"). Fortuna is often depicted with a Gubernaculum (classical), gubernaculum (ship's rudder), a ball or Rota Fortunae (wheel of fortune, first mentioned by Cicero) and a cornucopia (horn of plenty). She might bring good or bad luck: she could be represented as veiled and blind, as in modern depictions of Lady Justice, except that Fortuna does not hold a ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trebaruna
Trebaruna, also ''Treborunnis'' and possibly ''*Trebarunu'', was a Lusitanian deity, probably a goddess. Trebaruna's cult was located in the cultural area of Gallaecia and Lusitania (in the territory of modern Galicia (Spain) and Portugal). Names Her name also appears as ''Trebarune'', ''Trebaronna'', ''Trebarone'', ''Trebaronne'' and ''Trebaroni''. Spanish historian also lists the following name attestations for the deity: * ''Trebarona'' ( Coria) * ''Trebarune'' ( Findão) * ''Trebaroune'' ( Lardosa) * ''Trebarouna'' (Idanha-a-Nova) * ''Triborunni'' (Cascais) * ''Debaroni muceaicaeco'' ( Aveledas) Etymology Her name could be derived from the Celtic ''*'' ('home') and ''*'' ('secret, mystery'). Spanish philologist Antonio Tovar suggested that, like the first part of name '' Trebopala'', this goddess could have been connected to the community. Jürgen Untermann states that the names of this deity are found in the dative case, suggesting a nominative form like ''*Trebaru'' or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
