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Hygrophanous
The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body. It covers the trama, the fleshy tissue of the fruit body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle, but the cuticle generally describes ... to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry. When identifying hygrophanous species, one needs to be careful when matching colors to photographs or descriptions, as color can change dramatically soon after picking. Genera that are characterized by hygrophanous species include '' Agrocybe'', '' Psathyrella'', '' Psilocybe'', '' Panaeolus'', and '' Galerina''. Image:Hygro cyan 1.jpg, Hygrophanous pileus of '' Psilocybe cyanescens'' Image:Hygro tubaria.jpg, Hygrophanous pileus of '' Tubaria furfuracea'' Image:Hygro psaths.jpg, Grouping of '' Psathyrella gracil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galerina
''Galerina'' is a genus of small brown-spore saprobic mushroom-bearing fungi, with over 300 species found throughout the world from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. The genus is most noted for some extremely poisonous species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of ''Psilocybe''. ''Galerina'' mushrooms are typically small and hygrophanous, with a slender and brittle stem. They are often found growing on wood, and when on the ground have a preference for mossy habitats. ''Galerina'' means ''helmet-like''. Taxonomic definition The genus ''Galerina'' is defined as small mushrooms of mycenoid stature, that is, roughly similar in form to ''Mycena'' species: a small conical to bell-shaped cap, and gills attached to a long and slender cartilaginous stem. Species have a pileipellis that is a cutis, and ornamented spores that are brown in deposit, where the spore ornamentation comes from an extra spore covering. Description ''Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psathyrella
''Psathyrella'' is a large genus of about 400 species, and is similar to the genera ''Coprinellus'', ''Coprinopsis'', ''Coprinus'' and ''Panaeolus'', usually with a thin pileus (mycology), cap and white or yellowish white hollow stipe (mycology), stem. The caps do not self digest as do those of ''Coprinellus'' and ''Coprinopsis''. Some also have brown spores rather than black. These fungi are often drab-colored, difficult to identify, and all members are considered inedible or worthless (for eating) and so they are often overlooked. However they are quite common and can occur at times when there are few other mushrooms to be seen. The first report of a lamella (mycology), gilled mushroom fruiting underwater is ''Psathyrella aquatica''. The genus name ''Psathyrella'' is a diminutive form of ''Psathyra'', derived from the Greek word ψαθυρος, ''psathuros'' 'friable'. The type species of ''Psathyrella'' is ''Psathyrella gracilis'', which is now known as ''Psathyrella corrugis' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe
''Psilocybe'' ( ) is a genus of gilled mushrooms, growing worldwide, in the family Hymenogastraceae. Many species contain the Psychedelic drug, psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Taxonomy Taxonomic history A 2002 study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics indicated the genus ''Psilocybe'' as then defined was polyphyletic, falling into two distinct clades that are not directly related to each other. The blue-staining Hallucinogenic mushroom, hallucinogenic species constituted one clade and the non-bluing species the other. The previous Type (biology), type species of the genus, ''Psilocybe '' (now ''Deconica montana''), was in the non-bluing clade, but in 2010, the type species was changed to ''Psilocybe semilanceata, P. semilanceata'', a member of the bluing clade. A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of the Agaricales by Matheny and colleagues, further demonstrated the separation of the bluing and non-bluing clades of ''Psilocybe'' in a larger, strongl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Cyanescens
''Psilocybe cyanescens'', commonly known as the wavy cap or potent psilocybe, is a species of potent psychedelic mushroom. The main compounds responsible for its psychedelic effects are psilocybin and psilocin. It belongs to the family Hymenogastraceae. A formal description of the species was published by Elsie Wakefield in 1946 in the ''Transactions of the British Mycological Society'', based on a specimen she had recently collected at Kew Gardens. She had begun collecting the species as early as 1910. The mushroom is not generally regarded as being physically dangerous to adults. Since all the psychoactive compounds in ''P. cyanescens'' are Aqueous solution, water-soluble, the fruiting bodies can be rendered non-psychoactive through parboiling, allowing their culinary use. However, since most people find them overly bitter and they are too small to have great nutritive value, this is not frequently done. ''Psilocybe cyanescens'' can sometimes fruit in colossal quantities; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panaeolina Foenisecii
''Panaeolus foenisecii'', commonly called the haymaker's panaeolus, mower's mushroom, haymaker, or brown hay mushroom, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom often found on lawns. It is not edible. Description The cap is 1 to 4 cm across, conic to convex, hygrophanous with a brownish colour when moist and tannish when dry, often with a dark band around the margin which fades as the mushroom dries. The gills are broad, adnate, brown with lighter edges, becoming mottled as the spores mature. The spore print is deep brown, sometimes purplish. The stipe is 3 to 8 cm by 1 to 3 mm, fragile, hollow, beige to light brown, fibrous, pruinose, and slightly striate. It has a slightly unpleasant nutty fungal taste. The odor is nutty and slightly unpleasant. Microscopic features Spores measure 12–17 x 7–11 μm, subfusoid to lemon shaped, rough, dextrinoid, with an apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia subfusoid to cylindric or subcapitate, ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, ''Agaricus bisporus''; hence, the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (Stipe (mycology), stipe), a cap (Pileus (mycology), pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. Lamella (mycology), lamella) on the underside of the cap. "Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or without stems; therefore the term is used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota. The gills produce microscopic Spore#Fungi, spores which help the fungus spread across the ground or its occupant surface. Forms deviating from the standard Morphology (biology), morphology usually have more specific names, such as "bolete", " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pileus (mycology)
In mycology (the branch of biology that includes the study of mushrooms and other fungi), the pileus is the cap or cap-like part of a basidiocarp or ascocarp ( fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium.Moore-Landecker, E: "Fundamentals of the Fungi", page 560. Prentice Hall, 1972. The hymenium ( hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes. The word ''pileus'' comes from the Latin for a type of felt cap. Classification Pilei can be formed in various shapes, and the shapes can change over the course of the developmental cycle of a fungus. The most familiar pileus shape is hemispherical or ''convex.'' Convex pilei often continue to expand as they mature until they become flat. Many well-known species have a convex pileus, including the button mushroom, various ''Amanita'' species and boletes. Some, suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pileipellis
The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body. It covers the trama, the fleshy tissue of the fruit body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle, but the cuticle generally describes this layer as a macroscopic feature, while pileipellis refers to this structure as a microscopic layer. Pileipellis type is an important character in the identification of fungi. Pileipellis types include the cutis, trichoderm, epithelium, and hymeniderm types. Types Cutis A cutis is a type of pileipellis characterized by hyphae that are repent, that is, that run parallel to the pileus surface. In an ixocutis, the hyphae are gelatinous. Trichoderm In a trichoderm, the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. The prefix "tricho-" comes from a Greek word for "hair". In an ixotrichodermium, the outermost hyphae are gelatinous. Epithelium An epithelium is a pileipellis consisting of rounded ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agrocybe
''Agrocybe'' is a genus of mushrooms in the family Strophariaceae (previously placed in the Bolbitiaceae). The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains about 100 species. Distribution In Europe, toxic forms are not normally found, but ''Agrocybe molesta'' could be confused with poisonous white ''Agaricus'' species or with poisonous ''Amanita'' species. Uses Mushroom cultivation began with the Romans and Greeks, who grew the small ''Agrocybe aegerita''. The Romans believed that fungi fruited when lightning struck. ''A. aegerita'' is commonly known as the poplar mushroom, chestnut mushroom or velvet pioppino (Chinese: 茶樹菇). It is a white rot fungus. It is cultivated and sold in Japan, Korea, Australia and China. It is an important valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites such as indole derivatives with free radical scavenging activity, cylindan with anticancer activity, and also agrocybenine with antifungal activity. '' Agrocybe farinacea'' of Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panaeolus
''Panaeolus'' is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word ''Panaeolus'' is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced. Characteristics These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. The gills of ''Panaeolus'' do not deliquesce (liquefy) as do the members of the related genera '' Coprinellus'' and '' Coprinopsis''. Members of ''Panaeolus'' can also be mistaken for ''Psathyrella'', however the latter genus is usually found growing on wood or lignin-enriched soils and has brittle stipes. The gills of these mushrooms are black or grey and have a spotty, speckled or cloudy appearance, caused by the way that the dark spores ripen together in tiny patches on the gill surface; different patches darken at different times. The spores are smooth. The closely related genus '' Panaeolina'' shares the spotted gills but they are dark brown (not black) and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tubaria Furfuracea
''Tubaria furfuracea'', commonly known as the scurfy twiglet or totally tedious tubaria, is a common species of agaric fungus in the family Tubariaceae. Taxonomy It was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, as a species of ''Agaricus''. French mycologist Claude-Casimir Gillet transferred it to the genus, ''Tubaria'' in 1876. Description The mushroom cap is 1–4 cm wide, orange-brown, convex to flat and depressed, with small marginal patches of veil which disappear with age or rain; its odor is mild. The gills are brown and adnate to slightly decurrent. The stalk is 1–6 cm tall and 2–4 mm wide. The spores are pale reddish-brown, elliptical, and smooth. The spore print is brown. This species is considered inedible. Similar species Similar species include ''T. confragosa'','''' '' T. conspersa'', and members of ''Laccaria''. Additionally, ''Galerina marginata'' and ''Psilocybe cyanescens ''Psilocybe cyanescens'', commonly know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psathyrella Gracilis
''Psathyrella corrugis'', is the type species of the basidiomycete fungus genus ''Psathyrella'' and family Psathyrellaceae. It is common in North America and is regarded as inedible. Taxonomy It was originally described from Europe as ''Agaricus corrugis''. The lectotype of ''Psathyrella'' is ''P. gracilis'', but naming priority is given to ''P. corrugis'', published in 1794 (27 years earlier than ''P. gracilis''). Description The cap is wide, bell-shaped and translucent when young; it flattens and becomes opaque with age. The gills are slightly reddish. The whitish stalk is tall and 1–3 mm wide. The spores are purple-brown, elliptical, and smooth. The spore print 300px, Making a spore print of the mushroom ''Volvariella volvacea'' shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing warm orange ("tussock") color spore print. ... is dark brown to black, sometimes with hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
