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Hybrid Illinois Device For Research And Applications
The Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications (HIDRA) is a medium-sized toroidal magnetic fusion device housed in the Nuclear Radiation Laboratory and operated by the Center for Plasma-Material Interactions , Center for Plasma-Material Interactions (CPMI) within the Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, United States. HIDRA had its first plasma at the end of April 2016 and started experimental campaigns by December of that year. HIDRA is the former Wendelstein Experiment in Greifswald für die Ausbildung, WEGA classical stellarator that was operated at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Greifswald Germany from 2001 to 2013. A unique aspect of HIDRA is that it can operate as a stellarator and as a tokamak, hence the hybrid designation. In fact, it should be possible to operate the two modes simultaneously. It operates up to 15 minutes of continuous Plasma (physics), plasma, with up to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stellarator
A stellarator confines Plasma (physics), plasma using external magnets. Scientists aim to use stellarators to generate fusion power. It is one of many types of magnetic confinement fusion devices. The name "stellarator" refers to stars because fusion mostly occurs in stars such as the Sun. It is one of the earliest human-designed fusion power devices. The stellarator was invented by American scientist Lyman Spitzer in 1951. Much of its early development was carried out by Spitzer's team at what became the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). Spitzer's Model A began operation in 1953 and demonstrated plasma confinement. Larger models followed, but demonstrated poor performance, losing plasma at rates far worse than theoretical predictions. By the early 1960s, hopes of producing a commercial machine faded, and attention turned to studying fundamental theory. By the mid-1960s, Spitzer was convinced that the stellarator was matching the Bohm diffusion rate, which suggested i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma (physics)
Plasma () is a state of matter characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, mostly in stars (including the Sun), but also dominating the rarefied intracluster medium and Outer space#Intergalactic space, intergalactic medium. Plasma can be artificially generated, for example, by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. The presence of charged particles makes plasma electrically conductive, with the dynamics of individual particles and macroscopic plasma motion governed by collective electromagnetic fields and very sensitive to externally applied fields. The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern devices and technologies, such as plasma display, plasma televisions or plasma etching. Depending on temperature and density, a certain number of neutral particles may also be present, in wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre D’Etudes Nucléaires
Center or centre may refer to: Mathematics *Center (geometry), the middle of an object * Center (algebra), used in various contexts ** Center (group theory) ** Center (ring theory) * Graph center, the set of all vertices of minimum eccentricity * Central tendency, measures of the central tendency (center) in a set of data Places United States * Centre, Alabama * Center, Colorado * Center, Georgia * Center, Indiana * Center, Warrick County, Indiana * Center, Kentucky * Center, Missouri * Center, Nebraska * Center, North Dakota * Centre County, Pennsylvania * Center, Portland, Oregon * Center, Texas * Center, Washington * Center, Outagamie County, Wisconsin * Center, Rock County, Wisconsin **Center (community), Wisconsin *Center Township (other) *Centre Township (other) *Centre Avenue (other) *Center Hill (other) Other countries * Centre region, Hainaut, Belgium * Centre Region, Burkina Faso * Centre Region (Cameroon) * Centre-Val de Loire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma Material Interactions
Plasma or plasm may refer to: Science * Plasma (physics), one of the four fundamental states of matter * Plasma (mineral), a green translucent silica mineral * Quark–gluon plasma, a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics Biology * Blood plasma, the yellow-colored liquid component of blood, in which blood cells are suspended * Cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance that fills cells, suspends and protects organelles * Germ plasm, a zone in the cytoplasm determining germ cells * Germplasm, a collection of genetic resources for an organism * Milk plasma or whey, the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained * Nucleoplasm, a highly viscous liquid that surrounds the chromosomes and nucleoli * Plasma cell, white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies * Protoplasm, the entire living substance inside the cell membrane or cell wall Technology * Plasma (game engine), a real-time 3D game engine from Cyan Worlds * Plasma display, a flat-panel electronic visual d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma Surface Interaction
In plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion, plasma-surface interactions concern the physical, chemical, and mechanical processes at the interface between plasma and solid surfaces. A critical area of ongoing research in magnetic confinement fusion devices, such as tokamaks and stellarators, is understanding the physics of the plasma boundary and its interactions with plasma-facing components (PFCs), typically in the form of divertors or limiters. The high energy and particle fluxes from the plasma can alter surface properties such as composition, structure, roughness, and temperature, which in turn influence plasma behavior. For a fusion reactor to be viable, it must have a robust boundary solution that addresses several key challenges simultaneously: managing power exhaust to keep wall heat loads within material limits, ensuring efficient removal of fusion ash by maintaining sufficient neutral pressure for pumping, minimizing the sputtering of high-Z impurities (e.g. tun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma Wall Interactions
Plasma or plasm may refer to: Science * Plasma (physics), one of the four fundamental states of matter * Plasma (mineral), a green translucent silica mineral * Quark–gluon plasma, a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics Biology * Blood plasma, the yellow-colored liquid component of blood, in which blood cells are suspended * Cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance that fills cells, suspends and protects organelles * Germ plasm, a zone in the cytoplasm determining germ cells * Germplasm, a collection of genetic resources for an organism * Milk plasma or whey, the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained * Nucleoplasm, a highly viscous liquid that surrounds the chromosomes and nucleoli * Plasma cell, white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies * Protoplasm, the entire living substance inside the cell membrane or cell wall Technology * Plasma (game engine), a real-time 3D game engine from Cyan Worlds * Plasma display, a flat-panel electronic visual d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TJ-II
TJ-II is a flexible Heliac installed at Spain's National Fusion Laboratory. Its first plasma run was in 1998, and as of 2024 is still operational. History The flexible Heliac TJ-II was designed on the basis of calculations performed by the team of physicists and engineers of CIEMAT, in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL, USA) and the Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP, Germany). The TJ-II project received preferential support from the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) for phase I (Physics) in 1986 and for phase II (Engineering) in 1990. The construction of this flexible Heliac was carried out in parts according to its constitutive elements, which were commissioned to various European companies, although 60% of the investments reverted to Spanish companies. Precedents TJ-II is the third magnetic confinement device in a series. In 1983, the device TJ-I was taken into operation. The denomination of this device is due to the abbreviation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frascati Tokamak Upgrade
The Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) is a tokamak operating at Frascati, Italy. Building on the Frascati Tokamak experiment, FTU is a compact, high-magnetic-field tokamak (Btor = 8 Tesla Tesla most commonly refers to: * Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), a Serbian-American electrical engineer and inventor * Tesla, Inc., an American electric vehicle and clean energy company, formerly Tesla Motors, Inc. * Tesla (unit) (symbol: T), the SI-d ... ). It began operation in 1990 and has since achieved operating goals of 1.6 MA at 8 T and average electron density greater than 4 per cubic meter. The poloidal section of FTU is circular, with a limiter. External linksOfficial website Tokamaks Science and technology in Italy Frascati {{biophysics-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reversed-Field EXperiment
The Reversed-Field eXperiment (RFX) is the largest reversed field pinch device presently in operation, situated in Padua, Italy. It was constructed from 1985 to 1991, and has been in operation since 1992. The experiments carried out in the last two decades with two large RFP machines (MST in Madison, Wisconsin and RFX in Padova) provided new insight on the physical phenomena taking place in magnetically confined plasma dynamics.P. Martin et al. 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53 104018. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104018 (September 2013, IAEA, Vienna) RFX was built between 1985 and 1991. In RFX, an extremely high current is induced (up to 2 MA); combined with a voltage on the toroidal turn of 20 Volts, 40 MW are dissipated during the discharge, so that heating systems are not mandatory. In the period 2001-2004, RFX was modified (RFX-mod) to introduce an active control system based on 192 saddle coils surrounding the torus, active with characteristic feedback times greater than 50 ms. It is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), also known as HT-7U (Hefei Tokamak 7 Upgrade), is an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, China. Operated by the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science conducting its experiments for the Chinese Academy of Sciences, EAST began its operations in 2006. EAST is part of the international ITER program after China joined the initiative in 2003 and acts as a testbed for ITER technologies. On January 20, 2025, it sustained plasma for 1066 seconds. It is the first tokamak to utilize superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets. History EAST followed China's first superconducting tokamak device, dubbed HT-7, built by the Institute of Plasma Physics in partnership with Russia in the early 1990s. It was first proposed in 1996 and approved in 1998. According to a 2003 schedule, buildings and site facilities were to be constructed by 2003. Tokamak assembly was to take place from 2003 through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
