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Hunua Falls
The Hunua Falls are on the Wairoa River in the Auckland Region of New Zealand, near Hunua. The land around was bought by Auckland for water supplies between 1940 and 1960. The mean flow of water downstream at Clevedon is /s, but can vary greatly, as illustrated iphotographs showing the falls in winter and summer Natural features The Wairoa River falls over a basalt lava plug. Volcanic tuff rings and lava bombs are visible in the east wall of the waterfall. Several herbs have been identified near the falls - water starwort ( Callitriche petriei), Crassula hunua, water pennywort (Hydrocotyle microphylla), wood-sorrel (Oxalis magellanica ''Oxalis magellanica'' or snowdrop wood-sorrel is an ''Oxalis'' species found in Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Tasmania.Gardner, A. G. (2013). ''Using molecular phylogenetics to unravel morphological shifts, niche transitions, and geographic ...). The Wairoa has smaller falls. Lily Falls (also known as Wairoa Falls) were described as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunua
Hunua () is a small settlement in the rural outskirts of south Auckland, New Zealand. Hunua is east of Papakura, from Hunua Falls and lies at the foot of the Hunua Ranges, from where Auckland obtains most of its water supply. The literal translation of the Māori language word is 'mountainous and sterile land'. Demographics Hunua statistical area covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2. Hunua had a population of 1,353 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 198 people (17.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 246 people (22.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 444 households, comprising 669 males and 684 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 42.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 273 people (20.2%) aged under 15 years, 216 (16.0%) aged 15 to 29, 708 (52.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 156 (11.5%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 94.2% European/ Pākehā, 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Callitriche
''Callitriche'' is a genus of largely aquatic plants known as water-starwort. Previously, it was the only genus in the family Callitrichaceae. However, according to the APG II system this family is now included in the Plantaginaceae (plantain family). The family name Callitrichaceae retains its status as ''nomen conservandum'' (name to be retained). Species *'' Callitriche antarctica'', Antarctic water-starwort *''Callitriche brutia'', pedunculate water starwort *''Callitriche christensenii'' *'' Callitriche fassetti'', Fassett's water starwort *''Callitriche hamulata'', intermediate water starwort *''Callitriche hermaphroditica'', autumn water starwort **Synonym '' Callitriche autumnalis'' *'' Callitriche heterophylla'', differentleaf water starwort **Synonym '' Callitriche anceps, Callitriche bollanderi'' *'' Callitriche intermedia'', narrowleaf water starwort *'' Callitriche japonica'' **Synonym '' Callitriche nana'' *'' Callitriche longipedunculata'', longstalk water starwort ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waterfalls Of New Zealand
New Zealand, according to the gazetteer maintained by Land Information New Zealand has "249 named waterfalls and 31 named rapids". There are perhaps seven named "Bridal Veil", and 17 whose names include "Rere" meaning "to leap or descend". In the North Island only 18 of 130 have non- Māori names (including 5 clustered around Mount Taranaki), but in the South Island only 15 of the 150 named waterfalls (or rapids) have retained their Māori name. There are disagreements on what constitutes a waterfall. For example, the Browne Falls is claimed by some to be a waterfall with a drop of 800 metres. Other sources describe it as a steep stream with numerous small cataracts.Kirkpatrick, pp. 128 and 130. __NOTOC__ List of waterfalls This is a list of notable waterfalls in New Zealand. Many of the highest waterfalls are in Fiordland. Fiordland Many of the highest New Zealand waterfalls are in Fiordland National Park in the Southland region of the South Island, and are geograph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abseiling
Abseiling ( ; ), also known as rappelling ( ; ), is the controlled descent of a steep slope, such as a rock face, by moving down a rope. When abseiling the person descending controls their own movement down the rope, in contrast to lowering off in which the rope attached to the person descending is paid out by their belayer. This technique is used by climbers, mountaineers, cavers, canyoners, search and rescue and rope access technicians to descend cliffs or slopes when they are too steep and/or dangerous to descend without protection. Many climbers use this technique to protect established anchors from damage. Rope access technicians also use this as a method to access difficult-to-reach areas from above for various industrial applications like maintenance, construction, inspection and welding. To descend safely, abseilers use a variety of techniques to increase the friction on the rope to the point where it can be controlled comfortably. These techniques range f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunua Ranges
The Hunua Ranges is a mountain range and regional park to the southeast of Auckland city, in the Auckland and Waikato regions of New Zealand's North Island. The ranges cover some and rise to 688 metres (2255 ft) at Kohukohunui.Hunua Ranges , ''An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand'', edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 26 September 2006. Accessed 15 March 2007. owns and manages of the ranges, including part located in the Waikato region, as a regional park open to the public. Geography The ranges are located approximately 50 kilometres (30 mi) southeast ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalis Magellanica
''Oxalis magellanica'' or snowdrop wood-sorrel is an ''Oxalis'' species found in Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Tasmania.Gardner, A. G. (2013). ''Using molecular phylogenetics to unravel morphological shifts, niche transitions, and geographic expansion at two different scales in the plant genus'' Oxalis ''(oxalidaceae)'' (Order No. 3588366). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1428164964). It was first described in 1789. It blooms from fall to spring with white flowers. Its native distribution is puzzling given the wide geographic separation between its populations in Oceania and South America. It, along with other members of a clade within the section ''Oxalis'' that share a common ancestor dating back to roughly 30 Ma, have a strangely complex geographic distribution. This is especially perplexing given that the connection between Oceania and South America via Antarctica disappeared 35 million years ago, before the estimated diversification Diversific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrocotyle
''Hydrocotyle'', also called floating pennywort, water pennywort, Indian pennywort, dollar weed, marsh penny, thick-leaved pennywort and even white rot is a genus of prostrate, perennial aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae. Description Water pennyworts, ''Hydrocotyles'', are very common. They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, and marshes, and some species in coastal areas by the sea. ;Leaves: Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped. The leaf surfaces of ''Hydrocotyle'' are prime grounds for oviposition of many butterfly species, such as ''Anartia fatima''. ;Flowers: Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals. ;Fruits and reproduction: Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (vitta) which is characteristic in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crassula
''Crassula'' is a genus of succulent plants containing about 200 accepted species, including the popular jade plant (''Crassula ovata''). They are members of the stonecrop family (Crassulaceae) and are native to many parts of the globe, but cultivated varieties originate almost exclusively from species from the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Crassulas are usually propagated by stem or leaf cuttings. Most cultivated forms will tolerate some small degree of frost, but extremes of cold or heat will cause them to lose foliage and die. Taxonomy ''Crassula'' was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 with 10 species. Etymology The name crassula comes from the Latin adjective ''crassus'', meaning thick, referring to the thickening of the succulent leaves. List of selected species *''Crassula alata'' *'' Crassula alba'' *'' Crassula alpestris'' (Sand-Coated Crassula) *''Crassula alstonii'' *''Crassula aquatica'' (common pigmyweed, water pygmyweed) *'' Crassula arbore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volcanic Bomb
A volcanic bomb or lava bomb is a mass of partially molten rock (tephra) larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption. Because volcanic bombs cool after they leave the volcano, they are extrusive igneous rocks. Volcanic bombs can be thrown many kilometres from an erupting vent, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight. Bombs can be extremely large; the 1935 eruption of Mount Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5–6 m (16-20 ft) in diameter up to from the vent. Volcanic bombs are a significant volcanic hazard, and can cause severe injuries and death to people in an eruption zone. One such incident occurred at Galeras volcano in Colombia in 1993; six people near the summit were killed and several seriously injured by lava bombs when the volcano erupted unexpectedly. On July 16, 2018, 23 people were injured on a tour boat near the Kilauea volcano as a result of a bask ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wairoa River (Auckland)
The Wairoa River, also known as Wairoa South, is the second longest river in the Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows north from its sources in the Hunua Ranges into the Hauraki Gulf, and passes adjacent to the township of Clevedon, New Zealand, Clevedon. The Hunua Falls form a section of the river. Description The river begins in the Hunua Ranges east of Paparimu. Paparimu Road and Hunua Road follow the course of the river as it flows northwards through farmland. Much of the western Hunua Ranges flows into the Wairoa River, including Cosseys Creek and the Ōtau Valley, both of which have been dammed as freshwater reservoirs. In addition to these, the Wairoa River is joined by other tributaries: the Mangawheau Stream, the Hunua Stream which flows past the settlement of Hunua, and the Taitaia Stream, which meets the Wairoa River north of Clevedon, New Zealand, Clevedon. Past Clevedon, the river veers north-east, meeting the Urungahauhau Stream and the Aroa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phreatomagmatic Eruption
Phreatomagmatic eruptions are volcanic eruptions resulting from interaction between magma and water. They differ from exclusively magmatic eruptions and phreatic eruptions. Unlike phreatic eruptions, the products of phreatomagmatic eruptions contain juvenile (magmatic) clasts.Heiken, G. & Wohletz, K. 1985. Volcanic Ash. University of California Press, Berkeley It is common for a large explosive eruption to have magmatic and phreatomagmatic components. Mechanisms Several competing theories exist as to the exact mechanism of ash formation. The most common is the theory of explosive thermal contraction of particles under rapid cooling from contact with water. In many cases the water is supplied by the sea, for example with Surtsey. In other cases the water may be present in a lake or caldera-lake, for example Santorini, where the phreatomagmatic component of the Minoan eruption was a result of both a lake and later the sea. There have also been examples of interaction between magma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volcanic Plug
A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of high gas pressure if rising volatile-charged magma is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. In a plinian eruption the plug is destroyed and ash is ejected. Glacial erosion can lead to exposure of the plug on one side, while a long slope of material remains on the opposite side. Such landforms are called crag and tail. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive upstanding landform. Examples of volcanic plugs Africa Near the village of Rhumsiki in the Far North Province of Cameroon, Kapsiki Peak is an example of a volcanic plug and is one of the most photographed parts of the Mandara Mountains. Spectacular volcanic plugs are present in the center of L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
