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Hunchak
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP) ( hy, Սոցիալ Դեմոկրատ Հնչակյան Կուսակցություն; ՍԴՀԿ, translit=Sots’ial Demokrat Hnch’akyan Kusakts’ut’yun), is the oldest continuously-operating Armenian political party, founded in 1887 by a group of students in Geneva, Switzerland. It was the first socialist party to operate in the Ottoman Empire and in Iran, then known as Persia. Among its founders were Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gevorg Gharadjian, Ruben Khan-Azat, Christopher Ohanian, Gabriel Kafian and Manuel Manuelian. Its original goal was attaining Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Armenian national liberation movement. The party is also known as Hentchak, Henchak, Social-Democratic Hentchaks, Huntchakians, Hnchakian, Henchags, and its name is taken from its newspaper '' Hunchak,'' meaning "clarion" or "bell". This is taken by party members to represent "a call or awakening, for enlightenment an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gevorg Gharadjian
Gevorg Harutyuni Gharadjian (1861 in Tiflis – 1936 in Yerevan), also known as ''S. T. Arkomed'', was an Armenian political activist and revolutionary, one of the founders of Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Biography Gharajian studied at Geneva University. In 1882-83 he founded one of the first Armenian narodnik groups. He contributed to the Mkrtich Portukalian's ''Armenia'' and "Mshak", also established close contactes with Russian socialist Georgi Plekhanov and Emancipation of Labour group. In 1898 he founded first Armenian workers Marxist group in Tbilisi, and published from 1900 to 01 periodical "Banvor". In 1901 he became a member of RSDWP Tiflis committee. In 1902 he was exiled to Yenisey region. While working in Transcaucasus, he wrote for Iskra. From 1908 to 1917 he lived in Switzerland and continued cooperation with Plekhanov. Gharajian is the author of "Workers Movement and Social-Democracy in Caucasus" book, published in Geneva with a preface by Georgy Plekhanov and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mariam Vardanian
Mariam Vardanian (also known as Maro Nazarbek) (1864–1941) was an Armenian political activist and revolutionary in the Russian Empire. She was one of the founders of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. From Tiflis, where she was born, Maro moved to Paris, then to Geneva, where she studied at the local university. Since 1887 she was a member of editorial board of the ''Hunchak'' journal and central committee of the Hunchakian party. In 1901-1904 she met Vladimir Lenin in Paris. From 1904 onwards she was involved in revolutionary activities in the Russian Empire. In 1910, she was arrested and sent to Siberia. After the establishment of Soviet power she returned to Tiflis. In 1925 she became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Hymn of the Bolshevik Party" , headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow , general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first) Mikhail Gorbachev (last) , founded = , banned = , founder = Vladimir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunchak (journal)
''Hunchak'' (also - ''Hnchak'', ''Hentchak'', Bell in Armenian) was the official organ of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. History It was founded by Avetis Nazarbekian and published in 1887–1915, 1935–1938, in Geneva and Montpellier (1887-1891), Paris (1891-1892, 1904-1915), Athens (1892-1894), London (1894-1904) and Providence (1935-1938). Hunchak's editors were Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gabriel Kafian, Ruben Khan-Azat, S. Hovian, Stepan Sapah-Gulian, Sirvard and others. The main purpose of the paper was the propaganda of the Armenian national movement for the liberation, the resistance in Western Armenian regions. ''Hunchak'' also supported the ideology of social-democracy Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soc ... and worker's consolidation. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Kafian
Gabriel Gerasimi Kafian (1861, Shusha, Karabakh - 1930, Tbilisi) was an Armenian political and public activist, one of the founders of Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Biography Kafian was born in the town of Shusha, in the Karabakh region of Elisabethpol Governorate. He finished Zurich University, in 1883 he participated in the Second International. In 1887, with Avetis Nazarbekian and others, he founded the Hunchak and the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, the first socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. In 1889 he met Georgi Plekhanov and together with his group joined the Second International as a Hunchakian representative. In 1890 he moved to Constantinople, participated in the Kum Kapu Affray, then worked in Arabkir, Sebastia, Agn and Kharberd, where he formed revolutionary groups. He tried to include the Dersim Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian peoples, Iranian ethnic group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist
Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the economic, political and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can be state/public, community, collective, cooperative, or employee. While no single definition encapsulates the many types of socialism, social ownership is the one common element. Different types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation, on the structure of management in organizations, and from below or from above approaches, with some socialists favouring a party, state, or technocratic-driven approach. Socialists disagree on whether government, particularly existing government, is the correct vehicle for change. Socialist systems are divided into non-market and mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338) also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the Ottoman wars in Europe, conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman Anatolian beyliks, beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. Under the reign of Sule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of , making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz. The country is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BC. It was first unified by the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian National Liberation Movement
The Armenian national movement ( hy, Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում ''Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum'') included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during World War I and the following years, initially seeking improved status for Armenians in the Ottoman and Russian Empires but eventually attempting to achieve an Armenian state. Influenced by the Age of Enlightenment and the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian national movement developed in the early 1860s. Its emergence was similar to that of movements in the Balkan nations, especially the Greek revolutionaries who fought the Greek War of Independence. The Armenian élite and various militant groups sought to defend the mostly rural Christian Armenian population of the eastern Ottoman Empire from banditry and abuses by Muslims, but the ultimate goal was to push for reforms in the six Armenian-populated vilayets of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avetis Nazarbekian
Avetis Vardan Nazarbekian ( hy, Ավետիս Վարդանի Նազարբեկյան, 1866, Tabriz – 1939, Moscow), also known as ''Nazarbek'' or ''Lerents'', was an Armenian poet, journalist, political activist and revolutionary, one of the founders of Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. Biography Nazarbekian was born in Tabriz, Qajar Iran, but had lived in Imperial Russia since his childhood. He studied at the St. Petersburg and Paris (Sorbonne) Universities. In the mid-1880s he contributed to the Mkrtich Portukalian's ''Armenia'' revolutionary journal, also established close contacts with Russian socialist Georgi Plekhanov and Emancipation of Labour group. In 1887 Nazarbek, his future wife Mariam Vardanian and their Russian-Armenian friends founded the Hunchakian party and ''Hunchak'' newspaper. Nazarbek translated several works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Plekhanov. He talked to Lenin and Shahumyan about the Armenian question. In 1923 he moved from Paris to the United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Armenia
Eastern Armenia ( hy, Արևելյան Հայաստան ''Arevelyan Hayastan'') comprises the eastern part of the Armenian Highlands, the traditional homeland of the Armenian people. Between the 4th and the 20th centuries, Armenia was partitioned several times, and the terms ''Eastern'' and ''Western Armenia'' have been used to refer to its respective parts under foreign occupation or control, although there has not been a defined line between the two. The term has been used to refer to: *Persian Armenia (a vassal state of the Persian Empire from 387, fully annexed in 428) after the country's partition between the Byzantine and Sassanian empires and lasted until the Arab conquest of Armenia in the mid-7th century. * Iranian Armenia (1502–1813/1828), which covered the period of Eastern Armenia during the early-modern and late-modern era when it was part of the various Iranian empires, up to its annexation by the Russian Empire (1813 and 1828). * Russian Armenia (1828 to 1917) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marxist
Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, no single, definitive Marxist theory exists. In addition to the schools of thought which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, various Marxian concepts have been incorporated and adapted into a diverse array of social theories leading to widely varying conclusions. Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining characteristics of Marxism have often been described using the terms dialectical materialism and historical materialism, though these terms were coined after Marx's death and their tenets ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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