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Humanistic Judaism And Zionism
The relationship between Humanistic Judaism and Zionism dates to the founding of Humanistic Judaism in the 1960s. Rabbi Sherwin Wine, a founder of the movement, was a supporter of the Zionist movement and believed in Jewish peoplehood. Believing that Jewishness is a peoplehood and not only a religion, Wine wrote that "Zionism is the most effective expression, in modern times, that we Jews are more than a religion. We are a people and an ethnic culture." The Society for Humanistic Judaism supports Zionism and the State of Israel, but acknowledges a broad spectrum of opinion about Israel and Zionism, stating that Humanistic Jewish opinion ranges from "ardent Zionist to anti-Zionist". The International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism is also supportive of Zionism and the State of Israel. Because Humanistic Judaism is secular, Humanistic Zionism is rooted in cultural and ethnic bonds to the Land of Israel rather than rooted in theological beliefs. History The Society for Humanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Humanistic Judaism
Humanistic Judaism () is a Jewish movement that offers a nontheistic alternative to contemporary branches of Judaism. It defines Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people rather than a religion, and encourages Jews who are humanistic and secular to celebrate their identity by participating in relevant holidays and rites of passage (such as weddings and bar/bat mitzvahs) with inspirational ceremonies that go beyond traditional literature while still drawing upon it. Origins In its current form, Humanistic Judaism was founded in either 1963 or 1965 (sources differ) by American Rabbi Sherwin Wine. As a rabbi trained in Reform Judaism with a small, secular, non-theistic congregation, he developed a Jewish liturgy that reflected his and his congregation's philosophical viewpoints by combining Jewish culture, history, and identity with humanistic outlooks while excluding all prayers and references to a god of any kind. This congregation developed into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two-state Solution
The two-state solution is a proposed approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, by creating two states on the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine. It is often contrasted with the one-state solution, which is the establishment a single state in former Mandatory Palestine with equal rights for all its inhabitants. The two-state solution is supported by many countries and the Palestinian Authority. Israel currently does not support the idea, though it has in the past. The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British Peel Commission report in 1937. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a partition plan for Palestine, leading to the 1948 Palestine war. As a result, Israel was established on the area the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state. Israel took control of West Jerusalem, which was meant to be part of an international zone. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reform Anti-Zionism
Reform anti-Zionism is anti-Zionism within Reform Judaism. Throughout the 1800s and until the mid-1900s, the Reform movement was primarily anti-Zionist. The American Reform Movement's 1885 Pittsburgh Platform endorsed anti-Zionism, as did the '' Union Prayer Book'', the movement's 1892 siddur (prayer book). In response to a nascent Zionist movement and the persecution of Jews by Nazi Germany, the Columbus Platform of US Reform Judaism repudiated the movement's previous anti-Zionism, although the movement retained its earlier anti-Zionist siddur until it was replaced by '' Gates of Prayer'' in 1975. Subsequent American Reform platforms and siddurim have continued to embrace Zionism, such as the '' Mishkan T'filah'' and the 1997 Miami Platform, which clarified and reinforced the movement's support for Zionism. While the global Reform movement as a whole is officially Zionist, and American Reform rabbinical students are required to spend at least a year in Israel, some adherents o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reconstructionist Judaism And Zionism
The relationship between Reconstructionist Judaism and Zionism dates to the founding of the Reconstructionist movement by Mordecai Kaplan. Kaplan was a strong supporter of the Zionist movement and thus the Reconstructionist movement has historically supported Zionism. All rabbinical students of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College are required to spend a summer studying in Israel. In recent years, due to the political liberalism of the Reconstructionist movement, some individuals affiliated or formerly affiliated with the movement have begun to become more critical of Zionism. Unlike Orthodox and Reform Judaism, the Reconstructionist movement has never historically had a significant anti-Zionist faction. According to Reconstructionist rabbi David Teutsch, the movement has displayed a "striking uniformity" of loyalty to Zionist principles throughout its history. History Reconstructionist Judaism developed between the 1920s and 1940s, officially branching off from the Conservati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haredim And Zionism
From the founding of political Zionism in the 1890s, Haredi Jewish leaders voiced objections to its secular orientation, and before the establishment of the State of Israel, the vast majority of Haredi Jews were opposed to Zionism, like early Reform Judaism, but with distinct reasoning. This was chiefly due to the concern that secular nationalism would redefine the Jewish nation from a religious community based in their alliance to God for whom adherence to religious laws were "the essence of the nation's task, purpose, and right to exists," to an ethnic group like any other as well as the view that it was forbidden for the Jews to re-constitute Jewish rule in the Land of Israel before the arrival of the Messiah. Those rabbis who did support Jewish resettlement in Palestine in the late 19th century had no intention to conquer Palestine and declare its independence from the rule of the Ottoman Turks, and some preferred that only observant Jews be allowed to settle there. During th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conservative Judaism And Zionism
Conservative Judaism has historically been a movement that supports Zionism. Unlike Reform and Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism does not and has never had a significant anti-Zionist faction. While some individual Conservative Jews hold anti-Zionist or non-Zionist views, those views are not endorsed by the Conservative movement. History According to Elliot N. Dorff, the "Conservative movement is the only religious movement f Judaismwhich has always been Zionistic and has never had an anti-Zionist wing." While regarding itself as the heir of Rabbi Zecharias Frankel's 19th-century positive-historical school in Europe, Conservative Judaism fully institutionalized only in the United States during the mid-20th century. According to Alan Silverstein, President of Mercaz Olami, Frankel's support of Hebrew as the language of Jewish prayer was a proto-Zionist commitment to "the national element in Jewish practices". Silverstein has written that Heinrich Graetz, an historian who is com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Antisemitism
New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism. The concept is included in some definitions of antisemitism, such as the working definition of antisemitism and the 3D test of antisemitism. The concept dates to the early 1970s. Proponents of the concept generally posit that in the late 20th and early 21st centuries much of what is purported to be criticism of Israel is in fact tantamount to demonization, and that together with evidence of a resurgence of antisemitic attacks on Jews, desecration of Jewish symbols and Judaism, Holocaust denial, and an increased acceptance of antisemitic beliefs in public discourse and online hate speech, such demonization represents an evolution in the appearance of antisemitic beliefs. Proponents argue that anti-Zionism and demonization of Israel, or double standards applied to its conduct (some also include anti-Americanism, Anti-glob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Boycott Of Israel
The current campaign for an academic boycott of Israel was launched in April 2004 by the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) as part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign. The campaign calls for BDS activities against Israel to put international pressure on Israel, in this case against Israeli academic institutions, all of which are said by PACBI to be implicated in the perpetuation of Israeli occupation, in order to achieve Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions#Philosophy and goals, BDS goals. Since then, proposals for academic boycotts of particular Israeli universities and academics have been made by academics and organisations in Palestine, the United States, the United Kingdom,David Newman (political geographer), Newman, David. "The academic boycott of Israel", ''Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs'', 2 (2), 45–56, 2008 and other countries. The goal of the proposed academic boycotts is to isolate Israel in order to force ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boycott, Divestment And Sanctions
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) is a nonviolent Palestinian-led movement promoting boycotts, divestments, and economic sanctions against Israel. Its objective is to pressure Israel to meet what the BDS movement describes as Israel's obligations under international law, defined as withdrawal from the occupied territories, removal of the separation barrier in the West Bank, full equality for Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel, and "respecting, protecting, and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties". The movement is organized and coordinated by the Palestinian BDS National Committee. BDS is modeled after the Anti-Apartheid Movement. BDS supporters describe it as a human rights movement, and compare the Palestinians' plight to that of apartheid-era black South Africans. Protests and conferences in support of the movement have been held in several countries. Its mascot, which features on its logotype, is Handala, a sym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Studies Association
The American Studies Association (ASA) is a scholarly organization devoted to the interdisciplinary study of American culture, U.S. culture and American history, history. It was founded in 1951 and claims to be the oldest scholarly organization devoted to these topics. The ASA works to promote meaningful dialogue about the United States of America, throughout the U.S. and across the globe. Its purpose is to support scholars and scholarship committed to original research, innovative and effective teaching, critical thinking, and public discussion and debate. The ASA consists of almost 5,000 individual members along with 2,200 library and other institutional subscribers. It publishes the journal ''American Quarterly'' at Johns Hopkins University Press. The concerns and activities of the organization are international in scope. History The American Studies Association was founded for purposes of :the promotion of the study of American culture through the encouragement of research, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Intifada
The Second Intifada (; ), also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major uprising by Palestinians against Israel and its Israeli-occupied territories, occupation from 2000. Starting as a civilian uprising in Jerusalem and October 2000 protests in Israel, Israel proper, Israeli security responded with extreme violence, killing over 100 Palestinian protesters within the first few weeks. This led to the uprising devolving into a period of heightened violence in Palestine and Israel. This violence, including shooting attacks, suicide bombings, and military operations continued until the Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005, Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005, which ended hostilities. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centered on the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, which was expected to reach a final agreement on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in July 2000. An uptick in violent incidents started in September 2000, after Israeli politician Arie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sherwin Wine
Sherwin Theodore Wine (Hebrew name שמעון בן צבי, Shimon ben Tzvi; January 25, 1928 – July 21, 2007) was an American rabbi and a founding figure of Humanistic Judaism, a movement that emphasizes Jewish culture and Jewish history, history as sources of Jewish identity rather than belief in any gods. He was originally Semicha, ordained as a Reform Judaism, Reform rabbi but later founded the Birmingham Temple, the first congregation of Humanistic Judaism, in 1963. In 1969, Wine founded the Society for Humanistic Judaism (SHJ). He was later a founder of several other Humanistic Jewish organizations, and was the founder of several humanist organizations that are not specifically Jewish (such as the Humanist Institute and the International Association of Humanist Educators, Counselors, and Leaders) as well as the co-founder of Americans for Religious Liberty, which promotes separation of church and state. He was the Provost (education), provost of the International Ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
