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Hugh E. Richardson
Hugh Edward Richardson (22 December 1905 – 3 December 2000) was an Indian Civil Service officer, British diplomat and Tibetologist. His academic work focused on the history of the Tibetan empire, and in particular on epigraphy. He was among the last Europeans to have known Tibet and its society before the Chinese invasions which began in 1950. Biography and career Born in St. Andrews, Fife, the son of a British Army medical officer, Richardson studied classics at Keble College, Oxford. He entered the Indian Civil Service on 9 October 1930. Transferring to the Foreign and Political Service of the Government of India, Richardson was posted to Baluchistan as an Assistant Political Agent. In July 1936, he was appointed as the British Trade Agent at Gyantse. He served as the Officer in Charge of the British Mission in Lhasa, capital of Tibet, from 1936 to 1940 and again from 1946 to 1950, in the final years having become the diplomatic representative of the recently inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
St Andrews
St Andrews (; ; , pronounced [kʰʲɪʎˈrˠiː.ɪɲ]) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, southeast of Dundee and northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 , making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and List of towns and cities in Scotland by population, 45th most populous settlement in Scotland. The town is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world and the oldest in Scotland. It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published by ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times''. According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom. The town is named after Andrew the Apostle, Saint Andrew the Twelve apostles, Apostle. The settlement grew to the west of St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews, St Andrews Cathedral, with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness Burn to the south. The b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Mission In Lhasa
British Mission in Lhasa was the British Indian Office in Tibet, located at Dekyi Lingka, Lhasa City, Lhasa. It was established in August 1936, with the first Officer in Charge being Hugh Edward Richardson, Hugh Richardson. After the Indian independence movement, Indian Independence in October 1947, the mission was restructured as the Indian Mission in Lhasa, with Richardson continue serving as the Officer in Charge, until August 1950 (just before the Chinese People's Liberation Army Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, entered Tibet). History In 1934, Nationalist government, The Nationalist Government of China ordered Huang Musong as the head of a delegation to Tibet to pay tribute to the deceased 13th Dalai Lama, leaving two officers and a radio, highly regarded by the Tibetan government. To counter the influence of Huang's delegation, in August 1936, Basil Gould led a British mission to Lhasa, the delegation included his private secretary, Spencer Chapman, B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenzin Gyatso
The 14th Dalai Lama (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, shortened as Tenzin Gyatso; ) is the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. He served as the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet before 1959 and subsequently led the Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala, India. A belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition as well as the institution of the Dalai Lama is that he is a living Bodhisattva, specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara (in Sanskrit) or Chenrezig (in Tibetan), the Bodhisattva of Compassion. The Mongolic word ''dalai'' means ''ocean.'' He is also known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche ("The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master"), ''Kundun'' ("The Presence"), and ''Yizhin Norbu'' ("The Wish-Fulfilling Gem"). His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him ''His Holiness the Dal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frank Aiken
Francis Thomas Aiken (13 February 1898 – 18 May 1983) was an Irish revolutionary and politician. He was Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army, chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (1922–1969), Anti-Treaty IRA at the end of the Irish Civil War. Aiken later served as Tánaiste from 1965 to 1969 and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Minister for External Affairs from 1951 to 1954 and 1957 to 1969. He was also Minister for Finance (Ireland), Minister for Finance from 1945 to 1948, Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures 1939 to 1945, and Minister for Defence (Ireland), Minister for Defence from 1932 to 1939. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Louth (Dáil constituency), Louth constituency from 1923 to 1973, making him the Records of members of the Oireachtas#Longest-serving former TDs, second longest-serving member of Dáil Éireann and the longest-serving cabinet minister. Originally a member of Sinn Féin, he was later a founding member of Fiann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irish Republic
The Irish Republic ( or ) was a Revolutionary republic, revolutionary state that Irish Declaration of Independence, declared its independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Counties of Ireland, Ireland's 32 counties, and British state forces maintained a presence across much of the north-east, as well as Cork (city), Cork, Dublin and other major towns. The republic was strongest in rural areas, and through Irish Republican Army (1919–1922), its military forces was able to influence the population in urban areas that it did not directly control. Its origins date back to the Easter Rising of 1916, when Irish republicans seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. The rebellion was crushed, but the survivors united under a reformed Sinn Féin party to campaign for a republic. In the 1918 Unit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibetans
Tibetans () are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 7.7 million. In addition to the majority living in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan, as well as in Bhutan, India, and Nepal. The Tibetic languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group. The traditional or mythological explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. It is thought that most of the Tibeto-Burman speakers in southwest China, including Tibetans, are direct descendants from the ancient Qiang people. Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a significant minority observe the Indigenous Bon religion. There are also smaller communities of Tibetan Muslims and Christians. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama and architecture, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independent Scholar
A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate (PhD). Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion. Definitions In contemporary English usage, the term ''scholar'' sometimes is equivalent to the term ''academic'', and describes a university-educated individual who has achieved intellectual mastery of an academic discipline, as instructor and as researcher. Moreover, before the establishment of universities, the term ''scholar'' identified and described an intellectual person whose primary occupation was professional research. In 1847, minister Emanuel Vogel Gerhart spoke of the role of the scholar in society: Gerhart argued ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Administrative Service
The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) is the Public administration, administrative arm of the All India Services of Government of India. The IAS is one of the three All India Services along with the Indian Police Service (IPS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS). Members of these three services serve the Government of India as well as the individual States and union territories of India, states. IAS officers are also deployed to various government Constitutional body (India), constitutional bodies, staff and line agencies, auxiliary bodies, public sector undertakings, regulatory agency, regulatory bodies, statute, statutory bodies and autonomous bodies. As with other countries following the parliamentary system of government, the IAS is a part of the permanent bureaucracy of the nation; and is an inseparable part of the Executive (government), executive of the Government of India. As such, the bureaucracy remains politically neutral and guarantees administrative continuity to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chungking
Chongqing Previously romanized as Chungking ();. is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the Central People's Government, along with Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ..., Shanghai, and Tianjin. It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria, which includes several disjunct urban areas in addition to Chongqing proper. Due to its classification, the municipality of Chongqing is the List of largest cities, largest city proper in the world by population, though Chongqing is not the most populous urban area. The municipality of Chongqing is the only Chinese city with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standard Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region. In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan. Registers Like many languages, Lhasa Tibetan has a variety of language registers: * ( Wylie: , literally " demotic language"): the vernacular speech. * ( Wylie: , "honorifics or deference, courtesy"): the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Thakur (; anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore ; 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was a Bengalis, Bengali polymath who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance. He reshaped Bengali literature and Music of Bengal, music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of ''Gitanjali.'' In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to win a Nobel Prize in any category, and also the first lyricist to win the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; where his elegant prose and magical poetry were widely popular in the Indian subcontinent. He was a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal", Tagore was known by the sobri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
