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Homalodotherium
''Homalodotherium'' is an extinct genus of South American native ungulates in the order Notoungulata. Fossils of ''Homalodotherium'' have been found in the Middle Miocene ( Friasian in the SALMA classification) Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina and the Río Frías Formation of Chile. The first specimen, a partial skull, was discovered by Robert Holiver Cunningham while on an expedition to Patagonia. By the time it had arrived in England, it was degraded to the point where only a few elements remained. Regardless, in 1870, it was given its genus name by Thomas Henry Huxley, and its species name (''H. cunninghami'', after its discoverer) by William Henry Flower. The name was misspelled repeatedly over the years, leading to the erection of the family Homalodontotheriidae to include it, though this has since been amended to Homalodotheriidae. Since, then four more species of ''Homalodotherium'' have been named. ''Homalodotherium'' was a fairly large animal, with a body length of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Notoungulata
Notoungulata is an extinct order of ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resembling animals as disparate as rabbits and rhinoceroses. Notoungulata are the largest group of South American native ungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 families having been described, divided into two major subgroupings, Typotheria and Toxodontia. Notoungulates first diversified during the Eocene. Their diversity declined from the late Neogene onwards, with only the large Toxodontidae, toxodontids persisting until the end of the Pleistocene (with ''Mixotoxodon'' expanding into Central America and southern North America), perishing as part of the Late Pleistocene extinctions, Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions along with most other large mammals across the Americas. Collagen sequence analysis suggests that notoungulates are closely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Río Frías Formation
Río Frías Formation () is a Miocene, Middle Miocene geologic formation made up sedimentary rock located in Aysén Region, western Patagonia. The formation crops out along the upper course of Cisnes River ().Marshall & Salinas, 1990 Marsupial fossils have been found in the formation.Marshall, 1990 The Friasian period in the South American Land Mammal Ages is named after the formation. Description Río Frías Formation was discovered by Santiago Roth in the summer of 1897–98. Roth was a Swiss immigrant who had been sent to survey the area by Francisco Moreno. Moreno was director of La Plata Museum and was involved in the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile), Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case between Chile and Argentina, thus there was both a political and scientific motivation behind the exploration of Patagonia. Santiago Roth called the upper course of Río Cisnes for Río Frías being unaware that it was the same river. Further he thought this une ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homalodotheriidae
Homalodotheriidae is an extinct family comprising four genera of notoungulate mammals known from the Late Eocene (Tinguirirican) through Late Miocene ( Chasicoan) of Argentina and Chile in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ....McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. References Toxodonts Eocene mammals Oligocene mammals Miocene mammals of South America Eocene first appearances Miocene extinctions Prehistoric mammal families {{notoungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asmodeus (mammal)
''Asmodeus'' is an extinct genus of mammal, belonging to the order Notoungulata. It lived during the Late Oligocene, in what is today South America. Description This animal was relatively heavy-shaped, with long, strong and slender limbs. Its hand had four fingers, and a reduced fifth metacarpal. The main characteristic of ''Asmodeus'', which shows its affinities with its relative ''Homalodotherium'', is in the shape of its forelimbs, which made the hind legs lower than the forelegs. The front legs were clawed, and not hooved as in most of the known toxodonts. Compared to ''Homalodotherium'', the reduction of the fifth metacarpal was less important in ''Asmodeus''. Classification First described in 1894 by Florentino Ameghino, ''Asmodeus'' belonged to the family Homalodotheriidae, a group of notoungulates with characteristically elongated and clawed front legs. Two species of ''Asmodeus'' are known, including ''A. osborni'', the type species, from the Deseado Formation of Arg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friasian
The Friasian age is a period of geologic time (16.3–15.5 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Santacrucian and precedes the Colloncuran age. Etymology The age is named after the Río Frías Formation in the Aysén Basin, Patagonia, Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci .... Formations Fossils References Bibliography ;Río Frías Formation * * * * * ;Castilletes Formation * * * * * * * * ;Cerdas Beds * ;Chilcatay Formation * * * * ;Cura-Mallín Group * * * ;Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation * ;Parángula Formation * ;Pebas Formation * * ;Río Foyel Formation * * ;Río Yuca Formation * {{SALMA Miocene S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina
The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes Basin, Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with the eponymous Santacrucian age of the SALMA (South American land mammal age) timescale. The Santa Cruz Formation is known for its abundance of vertebrate fossils, including South American native ungulates (Astrapotheria, astrapotheres, Litopterna, litopterns, Notoungulata, notoungulates), as well as rodents, xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, anteaters), and metatherians. The formation extends from the Andes to the Atlantic coast. In its coastal section it is divided into two members, the lower, fossil rich Estancia La Costa Member, which consists predominately of tuffaceous deposits and fine grained mudrock, and the upper fossil-poor Estancia La Angelina Member, which consists of sedimentary rock, primarily mudrock, and sandstone. The environment of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chasicotherium
''Chasicotherium'' is an extinct genus of a large notoungulate mammal known originally from a partial skull and mandible discovered in the Arroyo Chasicó Formation, in the stream of Party of Villarino, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The sediments in which the animal was discovered dates to 10 to 9 million years ( Chasicoan). It is known only from the type species, ''C. rothi''. Its weight was approximately , being the largest and most recent member of the family Homalodotheriidae. It was a large herbivore of the Miocene Pampas, closely related to ''Homalodotherium'', which also shares the reduced dental formula of the short premaxilla The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The "premaxilla" of therian mammals h ....Bocchino de Ringuelet, A. (2013). Estudio del género ''Chasicotherium'' Cabrera y Kraglievich 1931 (N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandible
In jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latin ''mandibula'', 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lowerand typically more mobilecomponent of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla). The jawbone is the skull's only movable, posable bone, sharing Temporomandibular joint, joints with the cranium's temporal bones. The mandible hosts the lower Human tooth, teeth (their depth delineated by the alveolar process). Many muscles attach to the bone, which also hosts nerves (some connecting to the teeth) and blood vessels. Amongst other functions, the jawbone is essential for chewing food. Owing to the Neolithic Revolution, Neolithic advent of agriculture (), human jaws evolved to be Human jaw shrinkage, smaller. Although it is the strongest bone of the facial skeleton, the mandible tends to deform in old age; it is also subject to Mandibular fracture, fracturing. Surgery allows for the removal of jawbone fragments (or its entirety) as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bartholomew Sulivan
Admiral Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan, (18 November 1810 – 1 January 1890) was a British naval officer and hydrographer. He was a leading advocate of the value of nautical surveying in relation to naval operations. Sulivan was born at Mylor, Cornwall, near Falmouth,''1871 England Census'' the son of Rear Admiral Thomas Ball Sulivan. His early career included service under Robert FitzRoy on the second voyage of HMS ''Beagle'' from 1831 to 1836 with Charles Darwin, during which Bartolomé Island in the Galapagos Islands was named after him. From 1842 to 1846 he commanded HMS ''Philomel'' on the South American Station and surveyed the Falkland Islands. He was the commander of the combined Anglo-French fleet at the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado which took place on 20 November 1845. During the Crimean War he was sent by Sir Francis Beaufort, Hydrographer of the Navy, to the Baltic to assist the fleet commanded by Sir Charles Napier. Sulivan, commanding the paddle steame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallegos River
The Gallegos River () is a river in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz, on whose estuary lies Río Gallegos city, capital of the province. Given that its basin reaches only the fringes of the Andes mountains it classifies as a sub-Andean river. There is contradicting information on where river is actually formed. According to one source it forms at the confluence of the rivers Rubens and Penitente. Yet according to another source Rubens River is just a tributary of Penitente River and Gallegos River originates further downstream at the confluence of the rivers Penitentes and Turbio. After traveling Gallegos River reaches the Atlantic Coast. On its way east, after crossing a wide glaciated canyon, it meets the tributaries Turbio, Cóndor, and Zurdo. In spite of this, the river's stream can be drastically reduced during the dry season. The river, named after ''Blasco Gallegos'', one of the pilots of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition of 1520, is popular for fly fishing for br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern marine invertebrates than the Pliocene has. The Miocene followed the Oligocene and preceded the Pliocene. As Earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene, the climate slowly cooled towards a series of ice ages. The Miocene boundaries are not marked by distinct global events but by regionally defined transitions from the warmer Oligocene to the cooler Pliocene Epoch. During the Early Miocene, Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia, severing the connection between the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans, and allowing the interchange of fauna between Eurasia and Africa, including the dispersal of proboscideans and Ape, hominoids into Eurasia. During the late Miocene, the conn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geological Society Of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows. Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a registered charity, no. 210161. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members. The mission of the society is: "Making geologists acquainted with each other, stimulating their zeal, inducing them to adopt one nomenclature, facilitating the communication of new facts and ascertaining what is known in their science and what remains to be discovered". History The Society was founded on 13 November 1807 at the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, in the Covent Garden district of London. It was partly the outcome of a previou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
