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Heterostylous
Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. The flower morphs differ in the lengths of the pistil and stamens, and these traits are not continuous. The morph phenotype is genetically linked to genes responsible for a unique system of self-incompatibility, termed heteromorphic self-incompatibility, that is, the pollen from a flower on one morph cannot fertilize another flower of the same morph. Heterostylous plants having two flower morphs are termed " distylous". In one morph (termed "pin", "longistylous", or "long-styled" flower) the stamens are short and the pistils are long; in the second morph (termed "thrum", "brevistylous", or "short-styled" flower) the stamens are long and the pistils are short; the length of the pistil in one morph equals the length of the stamens in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-incompatibility In Plants
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general name for several genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms, and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals ( dioecy), and their various modes of spatial ( herkogamy) and temporal ( dichogamy) separation. SI is best-studied and particularly common in flowering plants, although it is present in other groups, including sea squirts and fungi. In plants with SI, when a pollen grain produced in a plant reaches a stigma of the same plant or another plant with a matching allele or genotype, the process of pollen germination, pollen-tube growth, ovule fertilization, or embryo development is inhibited, and consequently no seeds are produced. SI is one of the most important means of preventing inbreeding and promoting the generation of new genotypes in plants and it is considered one of the causes of the spread and success of angiosperms on Earth. Mec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distyly
Distyly is a breeding system in plants that is characterized by two separate flower morphs, where individual plants produce flowers that have either long styles and short stamens (L-morph flowers) or short styles and long stamens (S-morph flowers). However, distyly can refer to any plant that shows some degree of Self-incompatibility#/Sporophytic self-incompatibility SSI, self-incompatibility and has two morphs if at least one of the following characteristics is true; there is a difference in Stigma (botany)#/Style, style length, Stamen#/Morphology and terminology, filament length, pollen size or shape, or the surface of the Stigma (botany), stigma. Specifically these plants exhibit intra-morph self-incompatibility, flowers of the same style morph are incompatible. Distylous species that do not exhibit true self-incompatibility generally show a bias towards inter-morph crosses - meaning they exhibit higher success rates when reproducing with an individual of the opposite morph. Dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heteromorphic Self-incompatibility
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general name for several genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms, and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals (dioecy), and their various modes of spatial (herkogamy) and temporal (dichogamy) separation. SI is best-studied and particularly common in flowering plants, although it is present in other groups, including sea squirts and fungi. In plants with SI, when a pollen grain produced in a plant reaches a stigma of the same plant or another plant with a matching allele or genotype, the process of pollen germination, pollen-tube growth, ovule fertilization, or embryo development is inhibited, and consequently no seeds are produced. SI is one of the most important means of preventing inbreeding and promoting the generation of new genotypes in plants and it is considered one of the causes of the spread and success of angiosperms on Earth. Mechanisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primula Vulgaris
''Primula vulgaris'', also called the common primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family (biology), family Primulaceae, native plant, native to Eurasia.''Flora Europaea''''Primula vulgaris''/ref> The common name of this plant is primrose,Natural History Museum''Primula vulgaris'' or occasionally common primrose or English primrose to distinguish it from other ''Primula'' species referred to as primroses. Description ''Primula vulgaris'' is a perennial growing tall, with a basal rosette of leaves which are more-or-less evergreen in favoured habitats. The leaves are long and broad, often heavily wrinkled, with an irregularly crenate to dentate margin. The leaf blade is gradually attenuated towards the base and unevenly toothed. The single stem, extremely short, is hidden in the centre of the leaf rosette (botany), rosette.Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Upper Austria, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pontederiaceae
Pontederiaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, in the Monocotyledon, monocots. It is a small family of heterostyly, heterostylous aquatic plants, occurring in Tropics, tropical and Subtropics, subtropical waters. Charles Darwin was interested in the specialized form of heterostyly found in the family, known as tristyly. Not all of the species are heterostylous. The family contains two genera with around 40 known species. It is best known for the water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes, Pontederia crassipes''), which is an invasive species in many waterways. The highly modified ''Hydrothrix gardneri, Heteranthera gardneri'' is a submerged aquatic with a two-flowered pseudanthium. Taxonomy The two genera within this family are: *''Heteranthera'' Ruiz y Pavón, Ruiz & Pav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tristyly
Tristyly is a rare floral polymorphism that consists of three floral morphs that differ in regard to the length of the stamens and style within the flower. This type of floral mechanism is thought to encourage outcross pollen transfer and is usually associated with heteromorphic self-incompatibility to reduce inbreeding. It is an example of heterostyly and reciprocal herkogamy, like distyly, which is the more common form of heterostyly. Darwin first described tristylous species in 1877 in terms of the incompatibility of these three morphs. Description The three floral morphs of tristylous plants are based on the positioning of the male and female reproductive structures, as either long-, mid-, or short-styled morphs. Often this is shortened to L, M and S morphs. There are two different lengths of stamens in each flower morph that oppose the length of the style. For example, in the short-styled morph, the two sets of stamen are arranged in the mid and long position in order to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primula Vulgaris
''Primula vulgaris'', also called the common primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family (biology), family Primulaceae, native plant, native to Eurasia.''Flora Europaea''''Primula vulgaris''/ref> The common name of this plant is primrose,Natural History Museum''Primula vulgaris'' or occasionally common primrose or English primrose to distinguish it from other ''Primula'' species referred to as primroses. Description ''Primula vulgaris'' is a perennial growing tall, with a basal rosette of leaves which are more-or-less evergreen in favoured habitats. The leaves are long and broad, often heavily wrinkled, with an irregularly crenate to dentate margin. The leaf blade is gradually attenuated towards the base and unevenly toothed. The single stem, extremely short, is hidden in the centre of the leaf rosette (botany), rosette.Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Upper Austria, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalis Pes-caprae
''Oxalis pes-caprae'', commonly known as African wood-sorrel, Bermuda buttercup, Bermuda sorrel, buttercup oxalis, Cape sorrel, English weed, goat's-foot, sourgrass, soursob or soursop; ; (حميضة), is a species of tristylous yellow-flowering plant in the wood sorrel family Oxalidaceae. ''Oxalis cernua'' is a less common synonym for this species. Some of the most common names for the plant reference its sour taste owing to oxalic acid present in its tissues. Indigenous to South Africa, the plant has become a pest plant in different parts of the world that is difficult to eradicate because of how it propagates through underground bulbs. Name ''Oxalis pes-caprae'' is often called by the common name ''sour''grass due to its moderately sour flavor. This sourness is caused by an exceptionally high content of oxalic acid. The specific epithet ''pes-caprae'' means 'goat's-foot', possibly in reference to the shape of the leaf. Description The ''Oxalis pes-caprae'' flower is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lythrum
''Lythrum'' is a genus of 38 species of flowering plants native to the temperate world. Commonly known as loosestrife (a name they share with ''Lysimachia'', which are not closely related), they are among 32 genera of the family Lythraceae. Description They are herbaceous annuals or perennials. Typically they have square stems, narrow stalkless leaves, and spikes of star-shaped flowers in shades of purple, pink and white. They are especially associated with boggy areas, river banks and ponds, though in cultivation they often tolerate drier conditions. The species ''L. salicaria'' (purple loosestrife) and ''L. virgatum'' are found in cultivation. Selected species Species include:''Lythrum'' L. |
Linum
''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''. The Jepson Manual. in the family . They are native to and regions of the world. The genus includes the common flax (''L. usitatissimum''), the |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma (botany), stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, for example bees, beetles or butterflies; birds, and bats; water; wind; and even plants themselves. Pollinating animals travel from plant to plant carrying pollen on their bodies in a vital interaction that allows the transfer of genetic material critical to the reproductive system of most flowering plants. Self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs between species, it can produce hybrid (biology), hybrid offspring in nature and in plant breeding work. In angiosperms, after the pollen grain (gametophyte) has landed on the stigma (botany), stigma, it germinates and develops a pollen tube which grows down the style (botany), style until it reaches an ovary (botany), ovary. Its two gametes travel down ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
