Heterodermia Fragmentata
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Heterodermia Fragmentata
''Heterodermia fragmentata'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It occurs in Sri Lanka. Taxonomy ''Heterodermia fragmentata'' was formally described and published by lichenologists Gothamie Weerakoon and André Aptroot 2015. The type specimen was collected by both authors in Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka, on the bark of a tree. Description The species has a foliose (leafy) thallus, forming tufts up to 7 cm in diameter, with linear, grey up to 1 cm long and 0.7–2.2 mm wide. The tips of these lobes are often slightly and spotted with white . The lobes have margins with a thin dark grey line, while the lower surface is , white, and often blackens towards the centre. It features black, shiny, mostly simple (unbranched) up to 3 mm long. The lichen reproduces through , which are rare, stipitate, and on the upper surface of the thallus lobes. These apothecia develop tapering lobes around their margins, with a brow ...
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Gothamie Weerakoon
Gothamie Weerakoon () is a Sri Lankan-based botanist, lichenologist and environmentalist. Early life and education Weerakoon's passion for the environment was initiated during her childhood, which she spent largely outdoors, inspired by her cousin and the natural surroundings of Diyatalawa, where she lived due to her father's military occupation. Her early education further cemented her connection to the environment, providing her with foundational knowledge about local flora and the changing seasons. This early exposure to nature deeply influenced her future academic and career choices. After completing her primary education at the Devi Balika Vidyalaya in Colombo, she attended the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, completing her PhD in 2013. Her PhD research, conducted primarily in the Knuckles Mountain Range, involved studying the activity of lichens across different habitats and establishing a comprehensive lichen checklist for the area. She emerged as the most active Sri ...
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Atranorin
Atranorin is a chemical substance produced by some species of lichen. It is a secondary metabolite belonging to a group of compounds known as depsides. Atranorin has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. In rare cases, people can have an allergic reaction Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include Allergic rhinitis, hay fever, Food allergy, food al ... to atranorin. References Further reading * * * * Polyphenols Lichen products {{organic-compound-stub ...
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Lichens Of Sri Lanka
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms
. University of California Museum of Paleontology. .
Lichens are the lifeform that first brought the term symbiosis (as ''Symbiotismus'') into biological context. Lichens have since been recognized as important actors in nutrient cycling and producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer, gastropods, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in man ...
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Lichens Described In 2015
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms
. University of California Museum of Paleontology. .
Lichens are the lifeform that first brought the term symbiosis (as ''Symbiotismus'') into biological context. Lichens have since been recognized as important actors in and producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer, gastropods, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Lich ...
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Lichen Species
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms
. University of California Museum of Paleontology. .
Lichens are the lifeform that first brought the term symbiosis (as ''Symbiotismus'') into biological context. Lichens have since been recognized as important actors in nutrient cycling and producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer, gastropods, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in man ...
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Caliciales
Caliciales is an order of mostly lichenized fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It consists of two families: Caliciaceae and Physciaceae, which together contain 54 genera and more than 1200 species. The order was circumscribed by American botanist Charles Edwin Bessey in 1907. Families and genera , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 2 families, 56 genera, and 910 species in the Caliciales. *Caliciaceae ::'' Acolium'' – 5 spp. ::'' Acroscyphus'' – 1 sp. ::'' Allocalicium'' – 1 sp. ::''Amandinea'' – 83 spp. ::'' Australiaena'' – 1 sp. ::'' Baculifera'' – 18 spp. ::''Buellia'' – 201 spp. ::''Calicium'' – 36 spp. ::'' Chrismofulvea'' – 3 spp. ::'' Ciposia'' – 1 sp. ::'' Cratiria'' – 23 spp. ::'' Dermatiscum'' – 2 sp. ::'' Dermiscellum'' – 1 sp. ::'' Dimelaena'' – 10 spp. ::'' Diploicia'' – 6 spp. ::'' Diplotomma'' – 12 spp. ::''Dirinaria'' – 18 spp. ::'' Endohyalina'' – 10 sp. ::'' Fluctua'' – 1 sp. ::'' ...
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Montane Forest
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures lapse rate, fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial factor in shaping plant community, biodiversity, metabolic processes and ecosystem dynamics for montane ecosystems. Dense montane forests are common at moderate elevations, due to moderate temperatures and high rainfall. At higher elevations, the climate is harsher, with lower temperatures and higher winds, preventing the growth of trees and causing the plant community to transition to montane grasslands and shrublands or alpine tundra. Due to the unique climate conditions of montane ecosystems, they contain increased numbers of endemic species. Montane ecosystems also exhibit variation in ecosystem services, which include carbon storage and water supply. Life zones As elevation increases, the alpine climate, climate becomes co ...
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Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus. It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.
zone, but above the lower cortex.Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - ''Lichen Glossary'' The medulla generally has a cottony appearance. It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus.


References

Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ...
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Zeorin
Zeorin is a triterpene with the molecular formula C30H52O2 which occurs in many lichens A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m .... References Further reading * * * * * Lichen products Pentacyclic compounds Diols Zeorin Secondary alcohols Tertiary alcohols {{organic-compound-stub ...
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Cortex (botany)
In botany, a cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles. The cortex is composed mostly of large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system and shows little to no structural differentiation. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells. Plants Stems and branches In the three dimensional structure of herbaceous stems, the epidermis, cortex and vascular cambium form concentric cylinders around the inner cylindrical core of pith. Some of the outer cortical cells may contain chloroplasts, giving them a green color. They can therefore produce simple carbohydrates through photosynthesis. In woody plants, the cortex is located between the periderm (bark) and the vascular tissue ( phloem, in particular). It is responsible for the transportation of materials into the central cylinder of the root through diffusion and ma ...
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Isidia
An isidium (plural: isidia) is a tiny, wart- or finger-like outgrowth on the thallus surface of certain lichen species. It is one of two principal types of vegetative reproduction, vegetative reproductive structures in lichens, the other being soredium, soredia. Each isidium contains both fungus, fungal and algae, algal partners and is wrapped in a thin protective layer (the ), distinguishing it from soredia, which lack this covering. While both function in vegetative reproduction, the heavier, corticate structure of isidia means they tend to establish in microhabitats close to the parent thallus, often favouring stable, humid niches where mechanical protection improves survival. Unlike spores, which are microscopic and easily carried over long distances by wind, isidia are larger, multicellular fragments that rely on external forces such as wind, rain, or animal contact, but typically disperse over much shorter ranges. Isidia are morphology (biology), morphologically diverse, ra ...
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André Aptroot
André Aptroot ( Heemskerk, 1961) is a Dutch mycologist and lichenologist. His primary research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher, he has published more than 500 scientific papers and described hundreds of new fungal and lichen species. Career In 1993 he did his PhD at the University of Utrecht under the supervision of Robbert Gradstein (nl). His dissertation was titled "Systematic studies on pyrenocarpous lichens and related fungi". He specializes in fungi and lichens on which he has several hundreds of publications to his name. He has worked as curator at Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (now Westerdijk Institute). Aptroot is the founder of the ''Adviesbureau voor Bryologie en Lichenologie – Herbarium'' (Consultancy for Bryology and Lichenology), which is located in Soest where there is a herbarium with a collection of lichens mainly from the Ne ...
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