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Helwig Dieterich
Helwig Dieterich Latinized as Helvicus Dietericus (24 June 1601 – 13 December 1655) was a German physician and chemist. He served as a physician to several members of royalty and nobility but earned notoriety after several of his cures were questionable and proved deadly. Otto Tachenius wrote an Apologia in 1652 in which he declared Dieterich as a ''pseudo-chimicum'' (false chemist) and a fraud. Life and work Dieterich was born in Kyrtorf in Hesse-Darmstadt, son of the priest and theologian Johannes (1572–1635) and Barbara Reichard. His father later became a superintendent at Giessen where Dieterich went to study from 1615. After some studies in theology and language, he shifted to medicine and chemistry at Tübingen, then Altdorf and Wittenberg. At Tübingen he studied under Jacob Müller and at Altdorf he studied under Caspar Hoffmann. At Wittenberg he studied under Daniel Sennert. He travelled in Italy around 1625 and worked at Rüeber's Apotheke zum Löwen in Ulm with stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Tachenius
Otto Tachenius born Tacke (c. 1610 – 8 December 1680) was an alchemist and physician from Westphalia who is known for the book ''Hippocrates Chymicus'' (1677) which was among the early texts that was among the early texts that suggested that salts and acid-base reactions could be involved in human health and body functioning. He claimed in his book that the basis existed already in the works of Hippocrates. Tachenius was born in Westphalia to mill owner Heinrich Tacke. After apprenticing in apothecaries in Herford followed by Lemgo (c. 1633) and Bremen, he left, possibly dismissed by his employer for theft. He then travelled under the name of "Tachenius", through Kiel, Danzig (1641), Königsberg, Warsaw and Vienna and then studied at the University of Padua. He received a doctorate in 1647 and became a physician in Venice while also making studies on chemicals such as silica, and the effect of soap on oils. He supported the idea of his teacher Franciscus Sylvius Franciscus Syl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apologia
An apologia (Latin for ''apology'', from , ) is a formal defense of an opinion, position or action. The term's current use, often in the context of religion, theology and philosophy, derives from Justin Martyr's '' First Apology'' (AD 155–157) and was later employed by John Henry Newman's '' Apologia Pro Vita Sua'' ( English: ''A Defense of One's Own Life'') of 1864, which presented a formal defense of the history of his Christian life, leading to his acceptance by the Catholic Church in 1845. In Ancient Greece, an apologia was primarily used as a legal defense: The accuser would present a ''kategoria'', or accusation, and the defendant would present his ''apologia'', or defense. In modern usage, ''apologia'' describes a formal defense of an idea or belief, rather than against a legal charge. In both ancient and modern uses it different from an apology, or expression of regret. The main difference between the two is that the act of apologizing is meant to express regret, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirtorf
Kirtorf () is a town in the northern Vogelsbergkreis in Hesse, Germany. Through the town runs the ''Deutsche Märchenstraße'', or German Fairytale Road, a touristic route joining many of the places commonly associated with the Brothers Grimm's tales. Geography The town lies at the top of the Rhine-Weser watershed between the east-flowing Antrift and the west-flowing Gleen. Neighbouring communities Kirtorf borders in the north on the town of Neustadt (Marburg-Biedenkopf), in the east on the community of Antrifttal, the town of Alsfeld and the community of Romrod, in the south on the community of Gemünden, and in the west on the town of Homberg (Ohm), and the town of Stadtallendorf (Marburg-Biedenkopf). Constituent communities Besides the town's main centre, which bears the same name as the whole municipality, there are outlying centres named Arnshain, Gleimenhain, Heimertshausen, Lehrbach, Ober-Gleen and Wahlen. History Kirtorf was mentioned in a document as ''Gleene'' in 917. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landgraviate Of Hesse-Darmstadt
The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt () was a Imperial State, State of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hesse. It was formed in 1567 following the division of the Landgraviate of Hesse among the four sons of Landgrave Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, Philip I. The residence of the landgraves was in Darmstadt, hence the name. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the landgraviate was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Hesse following the Empire's dissolution in 1806. Geography Like many petty German states, the landgraviate comprised a number of disconnected pockets of land (exclaves). These included the southern Starkenburg territory with the Darmstadt residence and the northern province of Upper Hesse with Alsfeld, Giessen, Grünberg, Hesse, Grünberg, the northwestern ''hinterland'' estates around Gladenbach, Biedenkopf and Battenberg, Hesse, Battenberg as well as the exclave of Vöhl in Lower Hesse. History The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt came into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giessen
Giessen, spelled in German (), is a town in the Germany, German States of Germany, state () of Hesse, capital of both the Giessen (district), district of Giessen and the Giessen (region), administrative region of Giessen. The population is approximately 90,000, with roughly 37,000 university students. The name comes from ''Giezzen'', as it was first referred to in 1197, which refers to the position of the town between several rivers, lakes and streams. The largest river in Giessen is the Lahn, which divides the town in two parts (west and east), roughly north of Frankfurt am Main. Giessen is also home to the University of Giessen. In 1969, the town hosted the ninth ''Hessentag'' state festival. History Giessen came into being as a moated castle in 1152 built by Count Wilhelm von Gleiberg, although the history of the community in the northeast and in today's suburb called "Wieseck" dates back to 775. The town became part of Hesse-Marburg in 1567, passing to Landgraviate of Hess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George II, Landgrave Of Hesse-Darmstadt
George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, (17 March 1605, in Darmstadt – 11 June 1661) was the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1626 to 1661. Early life and ancestry Born into the House of Hesse The House of Hesse is a European dynasty, directly descended from the House of Reginar, House of Brabant. They ruled the region of Hesse, one branch as prince-electors until 1866, and another branch as grand dukes until 1918.Burke's Peerage, Bur ..., George was the eldest son of Ludwig V and his wife, Magdalene of Brandenburg. Biography On 1 April 1627 in Torgau, he married Sophia Eleonore of Saxony. Together, they had 15 children, three sons and twelve daughters. From 1645 to 1648 he led the so-called ''Hessenkrieg'' against the Landgravine Amalie Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel over the inheritance of the extinct line of Hesse-Marburg. This conflict resulted in the loss of Hesse-Marburg to Hesse-Kassel. Children * Louis VI (1630–1678), married Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George William, Elector Of Brandenburg
George William (; 13 November 1595 – 1 December 1640), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia from 1619 until his death. His reign was marked by ineffective governance during the Thirty Years' War. He was the father of Frederick William, the "Great Elector". Biography Born in Cölln on the Spree (today part of Berlin), George William was the son of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg and Anna of Prussia. His maternal grandfather was Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia. In 1616, he married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Their only son Frederick William would later be known as the "Great Elector". Of his two daughters, the eldest, Louise Charlotte, married Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland, and the younger, Hedwig Sophie, married William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. In 1619, George William inherited the Margravate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia, then a vassal of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John George I, Elector Of Saxony
John George I (5 March 1585 – 8 October 1656) was Elector of Saxony from 1611 to 1656. He led Saxony through the Thirty Years' War, which dominated his 45-year reign. Biography Born in Dresden, John George was the second son of the Elector Christian I and Sophie of Brandenburg. He belonged to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin. John George succeeded to the electorate on 23 June 1611 on the death of his elder brother, Christian II. The geographical position of the Electorate of Saxony rather than her high standing among the German Protestants gave her ruler much importance during the Thirty Years' War. At the beginning of his reign, however, the new elector took up a somewhat detached position. His personal allegiance to Lutheranism was sound, but he liked neither the growing strength of Brandenburg-Prussia nor the increasing prestige of the Palatinate; the adherence of the other branches of the Saxon ruling house to Protestantism seemed to him to suggest that the h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyköping Castle
Nyköping Castle ( or ) is a medieval castle, located in Nyköping, from the Birger Jarl era, partly in ruins, mostly known for the Nyköping Banquet which took place here in 1317. Information plaque, Nyköpingshus Construction Construction on the castle is thought to have begun at the end of the 12th century, when it was built as a sort of castellum. It is thought Birger Jarl expanded the building to a larger castle. During the reign of Albert of Sweden the castle was held as a fief by the German knight Raven van Barnekow, who made important improvements on the building, and later by Bo Jonsson Grip. Further reconstructions and expansions were done during the late Middle Ages. Gustav Vasa strengthened the castle further for defensive purposes and a round gun tower from that time remains today. The medieval castle was rebuilt in the end of the 16th century by Duke Charles (later Charles IX of Sweden) into a renaissance palace. Erik Sparre – taken prisoner after Charles de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick III, Duke Of Holstein-Gottorp
Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Early life and youth Born on 22 December 1597, he was the elder son of Duke Johann Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp and Princess Augusta of Denmark. His mother was the daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark. He had ambitious plans concerning the development of sea trade. With this purpose he established Friedrichstadt in 1621, in sympathy with city of Glückstadt established in 1617 by Christian IV of Denmark. Furthermore, he attempted to find a commercial way to Russia and Persia that would not pass around Africa. For this reason, he sent on 6 November 1633 the expedition from Hamburg to Moscow under the management of a commercial agent of Otto Brüggemann and a ducal adviser, Philipp Crusius, and with Adam Olearius as secretary. On 14 August 1634, the delegation arrived at Moscow. Although it was not successful in concluding a commercial agreement with Tsar Michael I of Rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian IV Of Denmark
Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and King of Norway, Norway and List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein, Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648. His reign of 59 years and 330 days is the longest in Scandinavian history. A member of the House of Oldenburg, Christian began his personal rule of Denmark-Norway in 1596 at the age of 19. He is remembered as one of the most popular, ambitious, and proactive Danish-Norwegian kings, having initiated many reforms and projects. Christian IV obtained for his kingdoms a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe. He engaged Denmark-Norway in numerous wars, most notably the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated much of Germany, undermined the Danish economy, and cost Denmark-Norway some of its conquered territories. He rebuilt and renamed the Norwegian capital Oslo as ''Christiania'' after himself, a name used until 1925. Early years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colloidal Gold
Colloidal gold is a sol or colloidal suspension of nanoparticles of gold in a fluid, usually water. The colloid is coloured usually either wine red (for spherical particles less than 100 nm) or blue-purple (for larger spherical particles or nanorods). Due to their optical, electronic, and molecular-recognition properties, gold nanoparticles are the subject of substantial research, with many potential or promised applications in a wide variety of areas, including electron microscopy, electronics, nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine. The properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles, and thus their potential applications, depend strongly upon their size and shape. For example, rodlike particles have both a transverse and longitudinal absorption peak, and anisotropy of the shape affects their self-assembly. History Used since ancient times as a method of staining glass, colloidal gold was used in the 4th-century Lycurgus Cup, which changes color dependi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
