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Hasan Ibn Rashid
Hasan ibn Rashid or Abu Ali ibn Rashid was a representative of Ali al-Hadi in Baghdad, Mada'in, and the Sawad. These representatives were responsible for the financial and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias especially for the collection of religious taxes like Khums and following the same tenet of political quietism of the Shia Imams, they took on the role of directing and organising the Shia community. Hasan predeceased al-Hadi and was praised by him, "He asanlived content and died a martyr." A letter attributed to al-Hadi asks Hasan and Ayyub ibn Nuh, another representative of the imam, to resolve their dispute and work only within their defined areas. al-Hadi's representatives appear to have been split up into four distinct regions: the first one included Baghdad, Mada'in, the Sawad, and Kufa; the second, Basra and Ahwaz; the third, Qom and Hamadan; and the fourth, the Hejaz, Yemen, and Egypt. According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Al-Hadi
Ali al-Hadi (; – ) was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tenth Imamate in Shia doctrine, Imam in Twelver Shi'ism, Twelver Shia, succeeding his father, Muhammad al-Jawad (). Born in Medina in 828, Ali is known with the titles al-Hādī () and al-Naqī (). After the death of his father in 835, most followers of al-Jawad readily accepted the imamate of Ali, who was still a child at the time. Drawing parallels with the story of young Jesus in the Quran, Twelver sources attribute an exceptional innate knowledge to Ali which qualified him for the imamate despite his young age. As with most of his predecessors, Ali al-Hadi kept aloof from politics until he was summoned around 848 from Medina to the capital Samarra by the Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (), known for his hostility towards Shia Islam, Shias. There al-Hadi was held under close surveillance until his death in 868 during the caliphate of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz (). Still, he managed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twelve Imams
The Twelve Imams (, '; , ') are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, including that of the Alawite and Alevi. According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret '' sharia'' and the esoteric meaning of the Quran. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin (known as '' ismah'', or infallibility) and must be chosen by divine decree through Muhammad. Imamah It is believed in Twelver Shi’ism that the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his household are infallible, possessing '' Hikmah''. Their oppression and suffering served greater purposes and were a means of divine grace to their devotees. The Imams are also guided by preserved texts in their possession, such as al-Jafr, al-Jamia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khums
In Islam, khums ( ) is a tax on Muslims which obligates them to pay one-fifth (20%) of their acquired wealth from the spoils of war and, according to most Muslim jurists, other specified types of income, towards various designated beneficiaries. In Islamic legal terminology, "spoils of war" ('' al-ghanima'') refers to property and wealth looted by the Muslim army after battling with non-Muslims or raiding them. Khums is the first Islamic tax, which was imposed in 2 AH/624 CE, after the Battle of Badr. It is separate from other Islamic taxes such as zakat and jizya.Zafar Iqbal and Mervyn Lewis, An Islamic Perspective on Governance, , pp. 102-3 It is treated differently in Sunni and Shia Islam; key topics of debate include the types of wealth subject to khums, the methods of its collection and distribution, and the categories of recipients (''asnāf''). Historically, one-fifth of the spoils of war (i.e., the khums) was placed at the disposal of the Islamic prophet Muhammad wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayyub Ibn Nuh
Ayyub ibn Nuh ibn Duraj Nakhai was one of the trusted representatives of Ali al-Hadi in Kufa. These representatives were responsible for the financial and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias especially for the collection of religious taxes like Khums and following the same tenet of political quietism of the Shia Imams, they took on the role of directing and organising the Shia community. Since Ayyub handled large amounts of religious donations on behalf of al-Hadi, the people were apparently surprised to find out after his death that he had only left behind hundred-fifty dinars. According to Shaykh Tusi, he was reliable narrator and reported many narrations from al-Hadi. His father ''Nuh ibn Darraj'' was a Qadi in Kufa Kufa ( ), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates, Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Along with Samarra, Karbala, Kadhimiya ... and ''Jameel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid () and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Iraqi Twelver Shia theologian. His father was a teacher (''mu'allim''), hence the name Ibn al-Mu'allim. The title "al-Mufid" was given to him either by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam, or by al-Rummani, a Mu'tazilite scholar, after a conversation with him. The leader of the Shia community, he was a mutakallim, theologian, and Shia jurist. He was taught by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Ibn Qulawayh, Abu Abdallah al-Basri and al-Rummani, and Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. Only 10 of his 200 works have survived, among which are ''Amali'', ''Al-Irshad'', ''Al-Muqni'ah'', and ''Tashih al-Itiqadat''. Early life and education Al-Mufid was born in 'Ukbara, a small town to the north of Baghdad, on 11th Dhul Qa'dah in 336 Hijra. According to Shaykh Tusi, however, he was born in 338 AH, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyclopaedia Of The World Of Islam
''Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam'' (دانشنامه جهان اسلام) (Daaneshnaame-ye Jahaan-e Eslam) is a Persian encyclopedia that deals with Islam and the history, civilization, and culture of Muslims from the beginning of Islam until now. This encyclopedia was published by the Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation that has published more than seventy-five books in Farsi and English languages in addition to twenty-nine volumes of ''Encyclopaedia of the world of Islam'' and twelve volumes of its Arabic translation under the title of دائرة معارف العالم الإسلاميّ. These activities take place in the structure of a research institute with more than 120 faculty members and a research library. Its articles, arranged alphabetically, cover a wide range of topics: technical terms of Quranic sciences, prophetic traditions, Islamic law (), theology, mysticism, philosophy, letters (), art. This encyclopedia also focuses on the biographies of the prophets, Musli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation
The Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation (بنیاد دائره المعارف اسلامی)(Bonyād-e Dāyerat-al-ma̒āref-e eslāmi ) is a public and non-governmental institution that was established in Tehran in 1983-1984 to undertake preparing and publishing Encyclopaedia of the world of Islam to deal issues related to Islam and the history, civilization and culture of Muslim countries, especially Iran, and in this way to consolidate and expand the ties and cultural relations of the Muslim people. It was established by the decision of Ali Khamenei during his presidency. The EncyclopaediaIslamica Foundation has published more than 75 books in Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ... and English languages in addition to publishing 29 volumes of Encyclopaedia of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
