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Hans Hayn
Albrecht Johannes "Hans" Hayn (7 August 1896 – 30 June 1934) was a German officer in the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Nazi paramilitary organization, in which he attained the rank of SA-''Gruppenführer''. He was also a Nazi Party politician who served as a deputy in the '' Reichstag''. A close associate of SA-''Stabschef'' Ernst Röhm, he was murdered by members of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler during the Night of the Long Knives. Early life Hayn was born in Liegnitz (today, Legnica). After attending the local ''Volksschule'' and ''Realschule'', he completed a commercial apprenticeship from 1911 to 1914. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, he enlisted as a one-year volunteer in the 50th Reserve Field Artillery Regiment. In 1917, he was commissioned as a ''Leutnant'' in the reserves. After the end of the war in November 1918, Hayn returned to civilian life and worked as a commercial employee in Breslau. In 1921, he took part in the fighting in Third S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
The Reichstag (, "Diet (assembly), Diet of the Reich, Realm"), officially the Greater German Reichstag () after 1938, was the national parliament of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Following the Nazi seizure of power and the enactment of the Enabling Act of 1933, it functioned purely as a Rubber stamp (politics), rubber stamp for the actions of Adolf Hitler's dictatorshipalways by unanimous consentand as a forum to listen to Hitler's speeches. In this purely ceremonial role, the Reichstag convened only 20 times, the last on 26 April 1942. The President of the Reichstag () throughout this period was Hermann Göring. During this period, the Reichstag was sometimes derisively referred to by the German public as the "''teuerste Gesangsverein Deutschlands''" (the most expensive singing club in Germany) due to frequent singing of Deutschlandlied, the national anthem during sessions. To avoid holding scheduled elections during World War II, in 1943 Hitler extended the term of office of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruhr Uprising
The Ruhr uprising () or March uprising () was an uprising that occurred in the Ruhr region of Germany from 13 March to 6 April 1920. It was a Left-wing politics, left-wing workers' revolt triggered by the call for a Kapp Putsch#General Strike against the Coup, general strike in response to the Kapp Putsch, then became an armed rebellion when far-left workers used the strike as an opportunity to attempt the establishment of a Soviet republic, council republic. Spontaneously formed workers' councils sprang up across the Ruhr during the strike and took control of the region with the support of 50,000–80,000 armed workers who formed the Red Ruhr Army. Early attempts at suppression by the ''Freikorps'' were defeated which led the German government in Berlin to negotiate a peaceful settlement without success. The ''Reichswehr'' and other ''Freikorps'' troops under the command of Oskar von Watter were sent into the Ruhr and acted with considerable brutality, including Summary execut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Reserve Force
A military reserve force is a military organization whose members (reservists) have military and civilian occupations. They are not normally kept under arms, and their main role is to be available when their military requires additional manpower. Reserve forces are generally considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces, and allow a nation to reduce its peacetime military expenditures and maintain a force prepared for war. During peacetime, reservists typically serve part-time alongside a civilian job, although most reserve forces have a significant permanent full-time component as well. Reservists may be deployed for weeks or months-long missions during peacetime to support specific operations. During wartime, reservists may be kept in service for months or years at a time, although typically not for as long as active duty soldiers. In countries with a volunteer military, reserve forces maintain military skills by training periodically (typically one weeken ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-year Volunteer
A one-year volunteer, short EF (German language, de: ''Einjährig-Freiwilliger''), was, in a number of national armed forces, a Conscription, conscript who agreed to pay his own costs for the procurement of equipment, food and clothing, in return for spending a shorter-than-usual term on active military service and the opportunity for promotion to Military reserve force, Reserve Officers. The "one-year volunteer service" (de: ''Einjährig-Freiwilligen-Dienst'') was first introduced 1814 in Prussia and was inherited by the German Empire from 1871 until 1918. It was also used by the Austro-Hungarian Army, from 1868 until 1918, and the Austro-Hungarian Navy. One-year volunteers also existed in the national armies of Bavaria, France and Russia. Prussia and Bavaria In the Prussian Army, the "one-year volunteer service" was created during the Napoleonic Wars in 1814. It was open for enlistees up to the age of 25. These enlisted soldiers were usually high school graduates (i.e. those who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First World War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in European theatre of World War I, Europe and the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Middle East, as well as in parts of African theatre of World War I, Africa and the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I, Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare; the widespread use of Artillery of World War I, artillery, machine guns, and Chemical weapons in World War I, chemical weapons (gas); and the introductions of Tanks in World War I, tanks and Aviation in World War I, aircraft. World War I was one of the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated World War I casualties, 10 million military dead and more than 20 million wounded, plus some 10 million civilian de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Realschule
Real school (, ) is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (''realna gimnazija''), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (''realskole''), Sweden (''realskola''), Finland (''reaalikoulu''), Hungary (''reáliskola''), Latvia (''reālskola''), Slovenia (''realka''), Serbia (''realna gimnazija/realka''), and the Russian Empire (''реальное училище''), including partitioned Poland (''szkoła realna''). Germany Situation of the school In the German secondary school system, ''Realschule'' is ranked between Hauptschule (lowest) and Gymnasium (school), Gymnasium (highest). After completing the ''Realschule'', good students are allowed to attend a professional Gymnasium or a general-education Gymnasium. They can also attend a ''Berufsschule'' or do an apprenticeship. In most states of Germany, students start the ''Realschule'' at the age of ten or eleven and typically finish school at the age ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volksschule
The German term ''Volksschule'' () generally refers to compulsory education, denoting an educational institution every person (i.e. the people, ''Volk'') is required to attend. In Germany and Switzerland it is equivalent to a combined primary (''Grundschule'' and ''Primarschule'', respectively) and lower secondary education (''Hauptschule'' or ''Sekundarschule''), usually comprising mandatory attendance of nine years. In Austria, ''Volksschule'' only refers to primary school lasting four years. In Denmark and Norway, they were referred to as ''folkeskole'' and in Sweden as ''folkskola''; the Finnish term ''kansakoulu'' is a direct translation. These Nordic schools covered the first years of primary education, from the ages of 7 to 11 or 12. History In medieval times, church schools were established in the Holy Roman Empire to educate the future members of the clergy, as stipulated by the 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran, later adopted by the sunday schools of the Protes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Night Of The Long Knives
The Night of the Long Knives (, ), also called the Röhm purge or Operation Hummingbird (), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". Nazi propaganda presented the murders as a preventive measure against an alleged imminent coup by the SA under Röhm – the so-called ''Röhm Putsch''. The primary instruments of Hitler's action were the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) paramilitary force under Himmler and its Security Service (SD), and Gestapo (secret police) under Reinhard Heydrich, which between them carried out most of the killings. Göring's personal police battalion also took part. Many of those killed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH (), began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, responsible for guarding the Führer's person, offices, and residences. Initially the size of a regiment, the LSSAH eventually grew into an elite division-sized unit during World War II. The LSSAH participated in combat during the invasion of Poland and was amalgamated into the Waffen-SS together with the '' SS-Verfügungstruppe'' (SS-VT) and the combat units of the ''SS-Totenkopfverbände'' (SS-TV) prior to Operation Barbarossa in 1941. By mid-1942 it had been increased in size from a regiment to a division and was designated SS Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler". It received its final form as a Panzer division in October 1943. Members of the LSSAH perpetrated numerous atrocities and war crimes, including the Malmedy massacre. They killed an estimated 5,000 prisoners of war in the period 1940–1945, mostly o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernst Röhm
Ernst Julius Günther Röhm (; 28 November 1887 – 1 July 1934) was a German military officer, politician and a leading member of the Nazi Party. A close friend and early ally of Adolf Hitler, Röhm was the co-founder and leader of the (SA), the Nazi Party's original paramilitary wing, which played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Hitler's rise to power. He served as Stabschef, chief of the SA from 1931 until his murder in 1934 during the Night of the Long Knives. Born in Munich, Röhm joined the Royal Bavarian Army in 1906 and fought in the World War I, First World War. He was wounded in action three times and received the Iron Cross, Iron Cross First Class. After the war, he continued his military career as a captain in the and provided assistance to Franz Ritter von Epp's . In 1919, Röhm joined the German Workers' Party, the precursor of the Nazi Party, and became a close associate of Adolf Hitler. Using his military connections, he helped build up sever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stabschef
(, ) was an office and paramilitary rank in the (SA), the paramilitary stormtroopers associated with the Nazi Party. It was a rank and position held by the operating chief of the SA. The rank was equivalent to the rank of in the German Army and to General in the U.S. Army. Definition The position of , not yet a rank, was established in 1929 to assist the (Supreme SA Leader) with the administration of the fast-growing organisation. Otto Wagener held the office under Franz Pfeffer von Salomon from 1928 to 1930, and effectively headed the SA from Hitler's assumption of the title in August until Ernst Röhm replaced him in January 1931. The actual SA rank of was created by Röhm for himself in 1933 after Hitler became chancellor. Although Hitler became the supreme commander of the SA in 1930, the day-to-day running of the organisation was left to the chief of staff. Thus, the men who held the rank of after 1930 were the actual leaders of the SA. Office holders The office ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
