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Hanlin Academy
The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pencils." Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher-level government posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy. Academy members Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were: * Li Bai (701–762) – Poet * Bai Juyi (772–846) – Poet * Su Shi (1037 – 1101) – Poet * Yan Shu (991–1055) – Poet, calligrapher, (prime minister, 1042) * Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) – Historian * Shen Kuo (1031–1095) – Chancel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tang Dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilisation, and a Golden age (metaphor), golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivalled that of the Han dynasty. The House of Li, Li family founded the dynasty after taking advantage of a period of Sui decline and precipitating their final collapse, in turn inaugurating a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty was formally interrupted during 690–705 when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese empress regnant. The An Lushan rebellion (755 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Zeduan
Zhang Zeduan (; 1085–1145), courtesy name Zhengdao (), was a Chinese painter of the Song dynasty. He lived during the transitional period from the Northern Song to the Southern Song, and was instrumental in the early history of the Chinese landscape art style known as shan shui. He is known for painting ''Along the River During the Qingming Festival''. See also *Chinese art *Chinese painting *Shan shui *Lin Tinggui *Zhou Jichang *Culture of the Song Dynasty Notes References *Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China'': Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. External links Zhang Zeduan and his Painting Galleryat China Online Museum Landscapes Clear and Radiant: ''The Art of Wang Hui (1632–1717)'' an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Zhang Zeduan (see index) {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang, Zeduan 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
He Changling
He Changling () (March 18, 1785—July 6, 1848), courtesy name Ougen (), was a Chinese scholar and official of the Qing dynasty from Changsha, Hunan. In 1808, he obtained the highest degree in the imperial examination and the following year he entered the prestigious Hanlin Academy in Beijing. Drawing on his extensive experience in the Qing government, he became a prominent spokesman of the statecraft school, which was concerned with the practical application of Confucian scholarship. One of He Changling's students was Zuo Zongtang. Huangchao Jingshi Wenbian Together with Wei Yuan, He Changling edited an influential anthology on statecraft, known as the "Collected essays about statecraft of the Qing" (, ''Qīng Jīngshì Wénbiān''), originally titled ''Huángcháo Jīngshì Wénbiān'' (). 120 scrolls long, the collection includes more than 2000 documents about practical issues of governance, based on the editors' experience from the beginning of the Qing dynasty until the D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gao E (writer)
Gao E (, c. 1738c. 1815) was a Qing dynasty Chinese scholar, writer, and editor. He attained the degree of ''juren'' in 1788 and ''jinshi'' in 1795. A Han Chinese who belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner, he became a Fellow of the Hanlin Academy in 1801. His courtesy name was Yunfu () and art name Lanshu (,"Orchid Study-Place"). In 1791, together with his partner Cheng Weiyuan (), he "recovered" the last forty chapters of Cao Xueqin's monumental novel '' Dream of the Red Chamber'' (sometimes called ''The Story of the Stone''). The nature and extent of his contributions to the work and the sources of his material are a matter of controversy, but it is believed by a large number of modern orthodox Redologists that the last forty chapters were not written by Cao Xueqin. He also edited the first eighty chapters together with Cheng. In 1921, Hu Shih proposed that the last forty chapters of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' were written by Gao E himself. His proposition was accepted by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yao Nai
Yao Nai (姚鼐, pinyin: Yáo Nài; 1731–1815) was a scholar of the Qing Dynasty. Born in Tongcheng (), Anhui province, Yao Nai achieved the degree of Jinshi in 1763, and was appointed to the Hanlin Academy The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pen ... (). Later, he worked as official of several central administrative departments. Yao Nai was famous of his classical works () and considered as a main figure of Tongcheng School. Historian Yao Nai was the first to point out the numerological outlay as a stylistic feature of the Warring States texts. Considering abundance of such features in the Yizhoushu, he expressed doubts in authenticity of this corpus, since the repetitiveness of such textual presentation did not agree with his perception of the "former kings' wisdom" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complete Library Of The Four Treasuries
The ''Siku Quanshu'', literally the ''Complete Library of the Four Treasuries'', is a Chinese encyclopedia commissioned during the Qing dynasty by the Qianlong Emperor. Commissioned in 1772 and completed in 1782, the ''Siku quanshu'' is the largest collection of books in imperial Chinese history, comprising 36,381 volumes, 79,337 manuscript rolls, 2.3 million pages, and about 997 million words. The complete encyclopedia contains an annotated catalogue of 10,680 titles along with a compendiums of 3,593 titles. The ''Siku Quanshu'' surpassed the 1403 ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' created by the previous Ming dynasty, which had been China's largest encyclopedia. Complete copies of the ''Siku Quanshu'' are held at the National Library of China in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Gansu Library in Lanzhou, and the Zhejiang Library in Hangzhou. Compilation Creation The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty ordered the creation of the ''Siku Quanshu'' in 1772. Local and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ji Xiaolan
Ji Yun (; 1724–1805), also known as Ji Xiaolan () or Ji Chunfan () was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer. He was an influential scholar of Qing dynasty China and many anecdotes have been recorded about him. Ji Yun left behind a book entitled '' Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations'' (閱微草堂筆記) and another book named ''Wenda Gong Yiji'' (紀文達公遺集; "Collected Works of Lord Wenda", i.e. Ji Xiaolan), which was edited by later generations. He was often mentioned with Yuan Mei as the "Nan Yuan Bei Ji" (). Background Ji Yun was born in Xian County of Zhili province (modern Hebei). When he was young, he was deemed intelligent. His father Ji Rongsu was a civil minister and archaeologist. Career In 1747, Ji Yun rose to intellectual prominence after winning the highest distinction in the provincial examinations. Several years later, in 1754, he attained the jinshi degree, whereupon he entered the Hanlin Academy. Ji Yun's career was not, h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Tingyu
Zhang Tingyu (, October 29, 1672 – May 19, 1755) was a Han Chinese politician and historian who lived in the Qing dynasty. Biography Zhang Tingyu was born in Tongcheng in Anhui province. In 1700, he obtained a '' jinshi'' position in the imperial examination and shortly afterwards he was appointed to the Hanlin Academy. He subsequently rose through the ranks in the Qing civil service and served under the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. Zhang Tingyu was especially trusted by the Yongzheng Emperor, who made him one of the first members of the Grand Council, an informal state organ which would, in due course, develop into the emperor's own privy council. His colleagues included renowned figures like Maci. Zhang was an upstanding civil service officer and highly praised for both his upright character and principled background. Having considerable skill in literature, he compiled the ''History of Ming'' in 1739. There is some confusion as to whether he or anothe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complete Classics Collection Of Ancient China
The ''Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China'' (or the ''Gujin Tushu Jicheng'') is a vast encyclopedic work written in China during the reigns of the Qing dynasty emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng. It was begun in 1700 and completed in 1725. The work was headed and compiled mainly by scholar Chen Menglei (). Later on the Chinese painter Jiang Tingxi helped work on it as well. The encyclopaedia contained 10,000 volumes. Sixty-four imprints were made of the first edition, known as the Wu-ying Hall edition. The encyclopaedia consisted of 6 series, 32 divisions, and 6,117 sections. It contained 800,000 pages and over 100 million Chinese characters, making it the largest leishu ever printed. Topics covered included natural phenomena, geography, history, literature and government. The work was printed in 1726 using copper movable type printing. It spanned around 10 thousand rolls (). To illustrate the huge size of the ''Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China'', it is esti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chen Menglei
Chen Menglei (; 1650–1741) was a Chinese encyclopedist, historian, and philosopher during the Qing dynasty. He was a scholar-writer known for being the chief editor, compiler, and author of the Gujin Tushu Jicheng Chinese encyclopedia. In 1670, he became a Jinshi. Chen Menglei conducted research for over 50 years, covering more than 10,000 volumes of books, and in 1701 was entrusted by the Kangxi Emperor to compile the Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia, which Chen completed in four and a half years. Chen Menglei also had the courtesy name Zezhen (则震), sobriquet or art name Shengzhai (省斋), and epithet "Pine Crane Elder" (松鶴老人). Life Chen Menglei was born in modern-day Fuzhou in Houguan county. In 1670, at the age of 20, he obtained his scholar degree, became a Jinshi, and was selected as a scholar for the Hanlin Academy. In 1673, he returned to his hometown to visit his relatives, which coincided with the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, and he was caught in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu Renchen
Wu Renchen (吳任臣, ) ( 1628 – 1689), with courtesy names of Zhiyi (志伊), Erqi (爾器) and Zhenghong (征鴻), and an art name of Tuoyuan (託園), was a Chinese historian, mathematician, politician, and writer during the Qing dynasty. Originally from Renhe (仁和; today's Hangzhou, Zhejiang), he gained recognition in the field of historical scholarship and was recommended in 1678 to take the special examination known as ''boxue hongci'' (博學鴻詞), which he passed in the following year. Thereafter, he became a corrector in the Hanlin Academy and contributed to the compilation of the official ''History of Ming'', focusing on the section dealing with the calendar, in which he made special contributions. He is best known for writing the ''Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms'' on the 10th-century Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period history. This book, as well as his commentary on the ''Classic of Mountains and Seas'', were later included in the ''Siku Quanshu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ni Yuanlu
Ni Yuanlu (; ca. 1593–1644) was a high-ranking official, calligrapher, and painter during the Ming dynasty of Chinese history. Ni was born in Shangyu in the Zhejiang province. His courtesy name was "Yuru" (玉汝) and his art name was "Hongbao" (鸿宝). He passed the imperial examination in 1621 as a Jinshi (進士) and was a scholar in the Hanlin Academy.Cihai: Page 253. Ni's calligraphy used a semicursive script style with refined strokes. Ni committed suicide by hanging at the end of the Ming dynasty. Notes References * ''Cihai The ''Cihai'' is a large-scale dictionary and encyclopedia of Standard Mandarin Chinese. The Zhonghua Book Company published the first ''Cihai'' edition in 1938, and the Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House revised editions in 1979, 1989, ...''. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe (上海辞书出版社), 1979. * External linksNi Yuanlu and his Calligraphy Galleryat China Online Museum 1590s births 1644 deaths Painters from Zheji ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
