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Haci II Giray
Haji II Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (reigned 1683-1684, lived 1644–1689) was briefly khan of the Crimean khanate. He was the son of Kyrym Giray, one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray. He was khan between the first and second reigns of his cousin Selim I Giray. His brother Saadet III Giray became khan in 1691. None of his descendants were khans. Three of his uncles were khans. During the first reign of his cousin Selim I Giray (1671–1678) he helped the Turks against the Austrians and was praised for his bravery. In 1678 Selim was replaced by another cousin Murad Giray because of a military failure. In 1683 Murad was removed because of his part in the disaster at Vienna. When the 39-year-old Haji came to the throne he appointed as kalga and nureddin Devlet and Azamat Giray, two sons of Selim I. (Devlet later became khan Devlet II Giray). In late 1683 the Crimeans defeated Stefan Kunicki who had attacked the Budjak Horde. For some reason, he cancelle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimean Tatar Language
Crimean Tatar (), also called Crimean (), is a Turkic languages, Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar language, Tatar, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz languages and is mutually intelligible with them to varying degrees. A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranks the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction (''severely endangered''). However, according to the A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, due to negative situations, the real degree of the threat has elevated to critically endangered in recent years, which are highl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (, ; ) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard. The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language ( or ); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era ( and ). More generically, the Turkish language was called or "Turkish". History Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras: * (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatars, Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples, Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441, it was regarded as the direct heir to the Golden Horde and to Cumania, Desht-i-Kipchak. In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire, Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance. Naming and geography The Crimean Khans, considering their state as the heir and legal successor of the Golden Horde and Desht-i Kipcha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selâmet I Giray
Selâmet I Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish, and (1558–1610, reigned 1608–1610) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. His early life was more complex than his 2-year reign. Most of his life involved dynastic conflicts with his brothers and nephews. Family All subsequent Crimean khans were descended from Selyamet, except for five who were sons or grandsons of his brothers. Selyamet was the youngest of the many sons of Devlet I Giray (1551–1577). His brothers were khans Mehmed II Giray (1577–1584, killed by Islyam), Islyam II Giray (1584–1588, died naturally), Gazi II Giray (1588–1607, followed by Selyamet) and Fetih I Giray (1596, interrupting Gazi II) and Alp, Shakai Mubarek and five others who died early. When he came to the throne he was the last surviving brother, so he had to deal with his nephews and their sons. These were, starting with Selyamet's brothers: Mehmed II (sons Murad, Safa, Saadet II Giray Mehmed_III_Giray.html" ;"title="ons Kumyk, Devlet, Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selim I Giray
Selim I Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and was four times Khan of the Crimean Khanate in the period from 1671 to 1704. During this time Crimean khans were regularly appointed and replaced by the Ottomans. The main events of the period were the continuing conflicts in Ukraine, the Russian capture of Azov and the Great Turkish War during which the Turks were pushed back from Vienna in 1683 to about the line of Belgrade. Unlike other khans of the period, he ruled well and had no conflicts with his nobles. He was born in 1631. Background Crimean khans were the direct descendants of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Emperor. After the death of Genghis Khan (1227) the empire was partitioned and the part in East Europe and Northwest Asia was named Golden Horde. The Golden Horde khans embraced Islam. That region which was also called Desht-i Qipchaq was the home of Kypchak Turks and the khanate was Turkified. In the early 15th century Golden Horde was further partitioned. One of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saadet III Giray
Saadet III Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (reigned 1691, lived 1645–1695) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate between the second and third reigns of Selim I Giray. Oddly, he did not visit Crimea during his reign. He was the son of Kyrym Giray, one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray. His brother Haci II Giray was briefly khan between the first and second reigns of Selim I Giray. Saadet had been nureddin under his cousin Murad Giray who ruled between the first and second reigns of Selim I. In 1691 Selim I abdicated and proposed his cousin Saadat as a replacement. Saadet chose as kalga and nureddin Devlet and Fetikh Giray (Devlet had been kalga since 1684 and became khan Devlet II Giray in 1699). Saadet, who was in Istanbul at this time, was immediately ordered to raise an army to fight the Austrians. He marched up the west shore of the Black Sea and forced the reluctant Budjak Horde to join him. The other Crimean and Nogai nobles were also reluctant. Devlet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad Giray
Murad Giray (1627–1696; reigned 1678–1683) was a Khan of the Crimean Khanate between the first and second reigns of his cousin Selim I Giray. His father was Mubarek, one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray (1608-1610). Three of his uncles were Khans. None of his descendants became Khans. During his Khanship, his nureddin was the future Khan, Saadet III Giray, and his Kalga was Tokhtamysh, a brother of future Khan Safa Giray of Crimea. Early life Murad was raised in Yambol as one of the many Giray princes supported and controlled by the Ottoman Empire. After the death of his father, he was cared for by his uncle, Rezmi Bahadır Giray. From 1659 to 1663 he was nureddin during the second reign of Mehmed IV Giray. He then retired to Istanbul. Khanate In 1678 the Turks made him Khan in place of his cousin Selim I Giray who had performed poorly at the siege of Chyhyryn. This was at the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681). After more fighting, in which Crimea was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarchy) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans. The defeat was a turning point for Ottoman expansion into Europe, after which they would gain no further ground. In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans would cede most of Ottoman Hungary to Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed, and they reached ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalga (title)
Kalga ( , ka, კალგა) was the highest ranked official after the khan in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate. The title of kalga was introduced Law and Division of Power in the Crimean Khanate (1532-1774): With Special Reference to the Reign of Murad Giray (1678-1683), by Natalia Królikowska-Jedlińska, 2018, publisher BRILL, ISBN 9004384324, 9789004384323 in 1486 by Meñli I Giray for his son Mehmed Geray in order to establish a firm order of succession to the throne. Prior to that, power in the Golden Horde was inherited by a senior member of the khan's family, which led to endless strife. This may have been Mengli's intention, but in later reigns the khanship usually went to one of the khan's relatives without much regard to who had been kalga. The khan, kalga and nureddin were always members of the Giray clan. From an early date the khans were confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan. From the seventeenth century khans were increasingly installed and removed by the Turk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devlet II Giray
Devlet II Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (1648–1718) was Khan of the Crimean Khanate from 1699 to 1702 and from 1709 to 1713. He was the eldest son of Selim I Giray. First rule (1699–1702) Selim I Giray, after his retirement in 1699, recommended Devlet II Giray Khan to the post who was confirmed in the rank of Khan by the Ottoman Empire. In the early years of his reign, he faced a conflict that broke out between his brothers and Kalga Nureddin for important positions within the Khanate. One participant in the dispute, Goran Gaza, fled to Bujak and there gathered around himself rebellious Nogays that had intended to leave the subordination of the Crimea. This rebellion was suppressed by Devlet II Giray. Soon Khan had difficulties with foreign states. The Ottoman Empire, which signed peace treaty with Moscow, ignored all the warnings of the Khan, who reported on the plans of Peter I of Russia to continue to wage war in the south. Devlet II Giray tried to organi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stefan Kunicki
Stefan Kunicki ( or Степан Куницький; 1640–1684) was a Ruthenian military commander and Cossack Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine. He was also a member of the Polish–Lithuanian Szlachta nobility. Biography Kunicki's origin is unknown, also as his youth and beginning of military career. Before 1673 Kunicki became a collaborator of hetman Petro Doroshenko. In 1673 he was sent twice to Warsaw to the Polish king Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki as an envoy of the Cossacks' hetman. On 25 February 1673 the sejm ennobled Kunicki, his five nephews (Atanazy, Wasyl, Fiedor, Dymitr, Iwan) and three more Cossacks who were loyal to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. When Kunicki was coming back from Warsaw to Czechryń (currently known as Chyhyryn), he was captured by the men of Ivan Samoylovych. Kunicki was detained until November 1674 when he was released after the intervention of the new Polish king Jan III Sobieski. In February 1675 Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki nominated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Budjak Horde
The Budjak Horde, also known as the Belgorod or Bilhorod Horde, formed part of the Nogai Horde in the 17th and 18th centuries. It settled in the northern Black Sea coast area under protectorate of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire's Sanjak of Ozu ( Yedisan). Its capital was in Căușeni. In the 1620s, the horde migrated from the Pontic steppes to the steppes of the Budjak region. The Bilhorod Tatars (20,000–30,000) were nomadic herdsmen. They made forays for slaves and loot into Right-bank Ukraine and Moldavia. In 1770, the horde became a protectorate of the Russian Empire and soon after was dispersed through resettlement in the Azov steppes. From there its remnants emigrated to Turkey during the Crimean War of 1853–1856. Prominent leaders of the horde included Khan Temir (died 1637), who allegedly established the noble Moldavian family of Cantemirești. Leaders * 1603–1637 Khan Temir * Giray family with rank of Serasker Notes References E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
