HLA-DR16

	HLA-DR16 HLA-DR16(DR16) is a HLA- DR serotype that recognizes the DRB11601, 1602 and 1604 gene products. DR16 is found in the Mediterranean at modest frequencies. DR16 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR15 antigens. Alleles Disease associations DR16 is associated with Chaga's cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery ectasia, and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. DRB11601 is associated with tuberculosis risk DRB11602: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease,Takayasu arteritis , systemic sclerosis (SSc) & anti-DNA topoisomerase I (anti-topo I) antibody, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR51 HLA-DR51 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the antigens encoded by the minor DR locus HLA-DRB5. DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 are minor DR beta encoding loci, they have been recognized as having distinct evolution, having diverged from DRB1 approximately 4 million years ago. DRB5 locus is only apparent in a small subset of DR haplotypes, and most individuals lack DRB5. Alleles DRB5* is subdivided into two allele groups, DRB501 and DRB502. B501 encodes 14 alleles and 11 isoforms. B502 encoded 4 alleles that can generate 4 isoforms. Only 3 of these have been surveyed by serotyping. There are numerous null genes at this locus. DRB501 allele group 14 Alleles: 11 proteins, 2 Nulls * DR51 Serotype: 0101, 0102 * Serotype unknown: 0103 to 0107, 0109, 0110 to 0113 Nulls: 0108N, 0110N DRB502 allele group 4 Alleles: 4 proteins * DR51 Serotype: 0202, Serotype unknown: 0203 to 0205 Associated diseases DR51 serotype is positively associated with The following HLA-DRB ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR2 HLA-DR2 (DR2) of the HLA- DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR16 serotype group. This serotype primarily recognizes gene products of the HLA-DRB115 and HLA-DRB116 allele groups. Serology Disease associations DR2 serotypes are associated with Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, tuberculoid leprosy (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis or leprosy), ulcerative colitis (Japanese), primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. DR2 is also found in all patients that test positive for anti-Asn-RNA-synthetase and chronic interstitial lung disease. Genetic linkage DR2 is linked to the HLA-DR51 HLA-DR51 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the antigens encoded by the minor DR locus HLA-DRB5. DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 are minor DR beta encoding loci, they have been recognized as having distinct evolution, having diverged from DRB1 approximate .... References {{DEFA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR15 HLA-DR15 (DR15) is a Human leukocyte antigen, HLA-HLA-DR, DR serotype that recognizes the DRB11501 to 1505 and 1507 gene products. DR15 is found at high levels from Ireland to Central Asia. DR15 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR16 antigens. Serology Serotypes are unknown for the following alleles: DRB11506, 1508 to 1516, 1518 to 1522. DRB11517N is a null. Alleles Disease associations DR15 is positively associated Goodpasture syndrome, early age onset multiple sclerosis, pernicious anaemia, sarcoidosis, hypocretin deficiency associated narcolepsy and a predisposition for postmenopausal osteoporosis. DRB11501 is positively associated with Goodpasture syndrome, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cervical cancer (human papillomavirus infection), Sjögren syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, and intermediate uveitis. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR isotype) and peptide, generally between 9 and 30 amino acids in length, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor (TCR). HLA (human leukocyte antigens) were originally defined as cell surface antigens that mediate graft-versus-host disease. Identification of these antigens has led to greater success and longevity in organ transplant. Antigens most responsible for graft loss are HLA-DR (first six months), HLA-B (first two years), and HLA-A (long-term survival). Good matching of these antigens between host and donor is most critical for achieving graft survival. HLA-DR is also involved in several autoimmune conditions, disease susceptibility and disease resistance. It is also closely linked to HLA-DQ and this linkage often makes it difficult to resolve the more causative factor in disease. HLA-DR mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Coronary Artery Ectasia Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by the enlargement of a coronary artery to 1.5 times or more than its normal diameter.Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W., Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, ''Tzu Chi Med'', 20(14), 270-274 The disease is commonly asymptomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coronary artery disease, stable angina and other acute coronary syndromes.Hsu, P.C., Su, H.M., Lee, H.C., Juo, S.H., Lin, T.H., Voon, W.C., Lai, W.T., and Sheu, S.H.(2014)Coronary artery collateral circulation in patients of coronary ectasia with significant coronary artery disease.''PLOS ONE'',9(1), doi: 10.13.71Antoniadia, A.P., Chatzizisis, Y.S., and Giamoglou, G.P. (2008) Pathogenic mechanisms of coronary ectasia. ''Int J Cardio'', 130, 335-343 Coronary artery ectasia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Melioidosis Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium called ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms, but complications can range from fever and skin changes to pneumonia, abscesses, and septic shock, which can be fatal. Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis". Prior to the Vietnam war less than a handful of patients had diagnosed in the United States in the twentieth century. In 1966, Spotnitz et al discovered that a number of servicemen with delayed onset of pulmonary infections had previously been deployed in Vietnam. Spotnitz coined the term “Vietnam Time Bomb” highlighting the fact that Burkholderia pseudomallei could remain dormant for years.The term gained traction as subsequent studies revealed latent infections in Vietnam veterans with estimates suggesting up to 250,000 U.S. soldiers were exposed. Spotnitz w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Systemic Sclerosis Systemic scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by excessive production and accumulation of collagen, called fibrosis, in the skin and internal organs and by injuries to small arteries. There are two major subgroups of systemic sclerosis based on the extent of skin involvement: limited and diffuse. The limited form affects areas below, but not above, the elbows and knees with or without involvement of the face. The diffuse form also affects the skin above the elbows and knees and can also spread to the torso. Visceral organs, including the kidneys, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract can also be affected by the fibrotic process. Prognosis is determined by the form of the disease and the extent of visceral involvement. Patients with limited systemic sclerosis have a better prognosis than those with the diffuse form. Death is most often caused by lung, heart, and kidney involvement. The risk of cancer is increased slightly. Surv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects synovial joint, joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body, including skin, eyes, lungs, heart, nerves, and blood. This may result in a anemia, low red blood cell count, pleurisy, inflammation around the lungs, and pericarditis, inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months. While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the synovium, joint capsule. It also affects the und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as inactive or latent tuberculosis. A small proportion of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, can be fatal. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with hemoptysis, blood-containing sputum, mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is Human-to-human transmission, spread from one person to the next Airborne disease, through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. A latent infection is more likely to become active in those with weakened I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy is a group of primary diseases of the heart muscle. Early on there may be few or no symptoms. As the disease worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure. An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur. Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. As of 2013, cardiomyopathies are defined as "disorders characterized by morphologically and functionally abnormal myocardium in the absence of any other disease that is sufficient, by itself, to cause the observed phenotype." Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome). In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens. In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken. In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Rheumatic Heart Disease Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging,Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano. Lancet. 2006 Sep;368(9540):1005-11. but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy. Anatomically, the valves are part of the dense connective tissue of the heart known as the cardiac skeleton and are responsible for the regulation of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular dise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]