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HDAC4
Histone deacetylase 4, also known as HDAC4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HDAC4'' gene. Function Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class II of the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. It possesses histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription when tethered to a promoter. This protein does not bind DNA directly but through transcription factors MEF2C and MEF2D. It seems to interact in a multiprotein complex with RbAp48 and HDAC3. Furthermore, HDAC4 is required for TGFbeta1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation. Clinical significance Studies have shown that HDAC4 regulates bone and muscle development. Harvard University researchers also concluded that it promotes healthy vision: Reduced levels of the protein led to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid resid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BCL6
Bcl-6 (B-cell lymphoma 6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BCL6'' gene. BCL6 is a master transcription factor for regulation of T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) proliferation. BCL6 has three evolutionary conserved structural domains. The interaction of these domains with corepressors allows for germinal center development and leads to B cell proliferation. The ''deletion'' of BCL6 is known to lead to failure to germinal center formation in the follicles of the lymph nodes, preventing B cells from undergoing somatic hypermutation. ''Mutations'' in BCL6 can lead to B cell lymphomas because it promotes unchecked B cell growth. Clinically, BCL6 can be used to diagnose B cell lymphomas and is shown to be upregulated in a number of cancers. Other BCL genes, including BCL2, BCL3, BCL5, BCL7A, BCL9, and BCL10, also have clinical significance in lymphoma. Normal Physiological Function Structure The protein encoded by the BCL6 gene is a zinc finger transcription ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zinc Finger And BTB Domain-containing Protein 16
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ZBTB16'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the Krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family and encodes a zinc finger transcription factor that contains nine Kruppel-type zinc finger domains at the carboxyl terminus. This protein is located in the nucleus, is involved in cell cycle progression, and interacts with a histone deacetylase. Specific instances of aberrant gene rearrangement at this locus have been associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and physiological roles have been identified in mouse Natural Killer T cells and gamma-delta T cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized in human. Interactions Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 has been shown to interact with: * Angiotensin II receptor type 1, * BCL6, * BMI1, * Calcitriol receptor, * FHL2, * GATA1, * GATA2, * HDAC1, * HDAC4, * HDAC5, * HDAC6, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
YWHAE
14-3-3 protein epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''YWHAE'' gene. Function This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. This highly conserved protein family is found in both plants and mammals, and this protein is 100% identical to the mouse ortholog. It interacts with CDC25 phosphatases, RAF1 and IRS1 proteins, suggesting its role in diverse biochemical activities related to signal transduction, such as cell division and regulation of insulin sensitivity. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer, and microdeletions associated with Miller–Dieker syndrome. Interactions YWHAE has been shown to interact with: * C-Raf, * CDC25B, * HDAC4, * HERG, * IRS1 and * IGF1R, * MAP3K3, * NDEL1, * NGFRAP1, and * TGF beta 1. See also * 14-3-3 protein 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
YWHAB
14-3-3 protein beta/alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''YWHAB'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein belonging to the 14-3-3 family of proteins, members of which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. This highly conserved protein family is found in both plants and mammals. The encoded protein has been shown to interact with RAF1 and CDC25 phosphatases, suggesting that it may play a role in linking mitogenic signaling and the cell cycle machinery. Two transcript variants, which encode the same protein, have been identified for this gene. Interactions YWHAB has been shown to interact with: * BRAF, * C-Raf, * CD29, * CDC25A, * CDC25B, * Cbl gene, * EPB41L3, * HDAC4 * KCNK3, * MAPK7, * PTPN3, * PRKCZ, * RPS6KA1, * TESK1, * TNFAIP3, and * WEE1. See also *14-3-3 protein 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testicular Receptor 2
The testicular receptor 2 (TR2) also known as NR2C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group C, member 1) is protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NR2C1'' gene. TR2 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Interactions Testicular receptor 2 has been shown to interact with: * Androgen receptor, * Estrogen receptor alpha, * HDAC3, and * HDAC4 Histone deacetylase 4, also known as HDAC4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HDAC4'' gene. Function Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation .... See also * Testicular receptor References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Transcription factors, g2 Intracellular receptors Transcription factors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor 2
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 () is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains. In addition, NCOR2 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR2 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of target gene expression. NCOR2 is also referred to as a silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) or T3 receptor-associating cofactor 1 (TRAC-1). Function NCOR2/SMRT is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several modulatory functional domains including multiple autonomous repression domains as well as two or three C-terminal nuclear receptor-interacting domains. NCOR2/SMRT serves as a repressive coregulatory factor (corepressor) for multiple transcription factor pathways. In this regard, NCOR2/SMRT functions as a platform protein, facilitating the recruitment of histone deacetylases to the DNA promoters bound by its interacting transcription factors. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor 1
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 also known as thyroid-hormone- and retinoic-acid-receptor-associated co-repressor 1 (TRAC-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NCOR1'' gene. NCOR1 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein which contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains. In addition, NCOR1 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR1 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of gene expression. Loss of function of this protein significantly increases the strength and power of mouse muscles. Family It is a member of the family of nuclear receptor corepressors; the other human protein that is a member of that family is Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2.UniProNuclear receptor corepressors familyPage accessed June 26, 2016 Interactions Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 has been shown to interact with: * Androgen receptor, * CHD1, * Calcitriol receptor * GPS2, * Glucocorticoid receptor, * HDAC3, * HDAC4, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myocyte-specific Enhancer Factor 2A
Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MEF2A'' gene. MEF2A is a transcription factor in the Mef2 family. In humans it is located on chromosome 15q26. Certain mutations in MEF2A cause an autosomal dominant form of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Function The process of differentiation from mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts has led to the discovery of a variety of tissue-specific factors that regulate muscle gene expression. The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins, including myoD (MIM 159970), myogenin (MIM 159980), MYF5 (MIM 159990), and MRF4 (MIM 159991) are 1 class of identified factors. A second family of DNA binding regulatory proteins is the myocyte-specific enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family. Each of these proteins binds to the MEF2 target DNA sequence present in the regulatory regions of many, if not all, muscle-specific genes. The MEF2 genes are members of the MADS gene family (named for the yeast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAPK3
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, also known as p44MAPK and ERK1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described. Clinical significance It has been suggested that MAPK3, along with the gene IRAK1, is turned off by two microRNAs that were activated after the influenza A virus had been made to infect human lung cells. Signaling pathways Pharmacological inhibi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAPK1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, (MAPK 1), also known as ERK2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. The activation of this kinase requires its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. Upon activation, this kinase translocates to the nucleus of the stimulated cells, where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein, but differing in the UTRs, have been reported for this gene. MAPK1 contains multiple amino acid sites that are phosphorylated and ubiquitinated. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of MAPK1 function. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HDAC3
Histone deacetylase 3 is an enzyme encoded by the ''HDAC3'' gene in both humans and mice. Function Histones are highly alkaline proteins that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes, which comprise the major protein component of chromatin. The posttranslational and enzymatically mediated lysine acetylation and deacetylation of histone tails changes the local chromatin structure through altering the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged DNA backbone and histones. HDAC3 is a Class I member of the histone deacetylase superfamily (comprising four classes based on function and DNA sequence homology) that is recruited to enhancers to modulate both the epigenome and nearby gene expression. HDAC3 is found exclusively in the cell nucleus where it is the sole endogenous histone deacetylase biochemically purified in the nuclear-receptor corepressor complex containing NCOR and SMRT (NCOR2). Thus, HDAC3 unlike other HDACs, has a unique role in mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
