Gérónimo Nadàl
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Gérónimo Nadàl
Jérôme Nadal, SJ (in Spanish: Jerónimo Nadal) was a Spanish Jesuit priest in the first generation of the companions of St. Ignatius of Loyola. A very close collaborator of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, he was sent to explain to the various Jesuit communities of Europe the first draft of the Constitutions. He is known as the "Ignatian theologian" for having developed the theology behind Ignatian spirituality. Elements of biography Born in Palma de Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands, on 11 August 1507, Jerome was the eldest of the four children of Antonio Nadal, a lawyer, and Maria Morey. Nadal studied at the University of Alcalá de Henares (1526), where he met Ignatius of Loyola for the first time. He kept his distance from Ignatius at this point since Ignatius was in trouble with the Inquisition. In autumn 1532 Nadal went to the University of Paris to continue his studies. He felt attracted to the priesthood and, while studying mathematics, beg ...
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Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The Society of Jesus is the largest religious order in the Catholic Church and has played significant role in education, charity, humanitarian acts and global policies. The Society of Jesus is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 countries. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. They also conduct retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian works, and promote Ecumenism, ecumenical dialogue. The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patron saint, patronage of Madonna della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General of ...
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Alumbrados
The (, ''illuminated''), also called the , were the practitioners of a mystical form of Christianity in the Crown of Castile during the 15th–16th centuries. Some were only mildly heterodox, but others held views that were clearly heretical, according to the contemporary rulers. Consequently, they were firmly repressed and became some of the early victims of the Spanish Inquisition. Background Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo found the name as early as 1492 (in the form , 1498), and traced the group to a Gnostic origin. He thought their views were promoted in Spain through influences from Italy. See also: The Illuminati in occult philoposhy and secret societies. Beliefs The held that the human soul can reach such a degree of perfection that it can even in the present life contemplate the essence of God and comprehend the mystery of the Trinity. All external worship, they declared, is superfluous, the reception of the sacraments useless, and sin impossible in this state of co ...
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1580 Deaths
1580 ( MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March * January 31 – Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: The death of Henry, King of Portugal, with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including King Philip II of Spain and Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.Dionysius Lardner, ed., ''The History of Spain and Portugal'', vol. 5, part of the ''Cabinet Cyclopaedia''. London: Longman, Rees, et al., 1832. See pages 208-209. * February 16 – The massacre of 20 artists at the Mardi Gras festivities at the annual ''Carnaval de Romans'' during the festival takes place in France at Romans-sur-Isère. * February 28 – Three Jesuit priests from Portuguese Goa, including Rodolfo Acquaviva, arrive in Agra on the mainland of India as guests of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great, who is curious about Christianity. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building of the firs ...
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1507 Births
__NOTOC__ Year 1507 ( MDVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March * January 24 – Sigismund I the Old is formally crowned King of Poland, at a ceremony in Kraków. * February 9 – The crew of the Portuguese ship ''Cirne'', commanded by Diogo Fernandes Pereira, become the first Europeans to sight the Indian ocean island of Réunion, and name it Santa Apolonia. * March 1 – Eleven months after the Lisbon Massacre, King Manuel I of Portugal issues an edict permitting the ''cristãos-novos'' ("New Christians", Portuguese Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity) to freely emigrate from the kingdom. * March 11 – Italian mercenary leader and former prince Cesare Borgia, later cited by Niccolò Machiavelli in ''The Prince'' as an example of "conquest by fortune", completes his conquest of the Spanish city of Viana by driving out the defenders of the castle of the Count of Lerín, but makes the mistake of pursu ...
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Perspective (graphical)
Linear or point-projection perspective () is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts; the other is parallel projection. Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye. Perspective drawing is useful for representing a three-dimensional scene in a two-dimensional medium, like paper. It is based on the optical fact that for a person an object looks N times (linearly) smaller if it has been moved N times further from the eye than the original distance was. The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and that they are subject to , meaning that an object's dimensions parallel to the line of sight appear shorter than its dimensions perpendicular to the line of sight. All objects will recede to points in the distance, usually along the horizon line, but also above and below the horiz ...
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Antwerp
Antwerp (; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of Antwerp Province, and the third-largest city in Belgium by area at , after Tournai and Couvin. With a population of 565,039, it is the List of most populous municipalities in Belgium, most populous municipality in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million people, the country's Metropolitan areas in Belgium, second-largest metropolitan area after Brussels. Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. Flowing through Antwerp is the river Scheldt. Antwerp is linked to the North Sea by the river's Western Scheldt, Westerschelde estuary. It is about north of Brussels, and about south of the Netherlands, Dutch border. The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe after Rotterdam and List of world's busiest container ports, within the top 20 globally. The city ...
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Novice
A novice is a person who has entered a religious order and is under probation, before taking vows. A ''novice'' can also refer to a person (or animal e.g. racehorse) who is entering a profession with no prior experience. Religion Buddhism In many Buddhism, Buddhist orders, a man or woman who intends to take ordination must first become a novice, adopting part of the monastic code indicated in the vinaya and studying in preparation for full ordination. The name for this level of ordination varies from one tradition to another. In Pali, the word is samanera, which means 'small monk' or 'boy monk'. Christianity Catholicism A novice in Catholic canon law and tradition is a prospective member of a religious order who is being tried and assessed for suitability of admission to a religious order of priests, religious brothers, or religious sisters, whether the community is one of monks or has an apostolate. After initial contact with the community, and usually a period of time ...
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Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christianity, Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the second century Anno domino, AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus, culminating in trial of Jesus, his trial and crucifixion of Jesus, death, and concluding with various reports of his Post-resurrection appearances of Jesus, post-resurrection appearances. The Gospels are commonly seen as literature that is based on oral traditions, Christian preaching, and Old Testament exegesis with the consensus being that they are a variation of Greco-Roman biography; similar to other ancient works such as Xenophon's Memorabilia (Xenophon), ''Memoirs of Socrates''. They are meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man, providing examples for readers to emulate. As such ...
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Spiritual Exercises Of Ignatius Of Loyola
The ''Spiritual Exercises'' (), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations, contemplations, and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola, a 16th-century Spanish Catholic priest, theologian, and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Divided into four thematic "weeks" of variable length, they are designed to be carried out over a period of 28 to 30 days. They were composed with the intention of helping participants in religious retreats to discern the will of God in their lives, leading to a personal commitment to follow Jesus whatever the cost. Their underlying theology has been found agreeable to other Christian denominations who make use of them and also for addressing problems facing society in the 21st century. Editions The first printed edition of the ''Spiritual Exercises'' was published in Latin in 1548, after being given papal approval by Pope Paul III. However, Ignatius's manuscripts were in Spanish, so this first edition was in fact a translation, al ...
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Jesuit College, Messina
Jesuit College, Messina (), with the adjacent church of San Giovanni Battista of the Society of Jesus had been an important building complex in the city of Messina, Sicily, Italy. It was destroyed by the 1908 earthquake. Jesuit College The Jesuits were present in the city since 1548, in charge of Saint Nicholas Church. At the insistence of Juan de Vega, Viceroy of Sicily, Ignatius of Loyola agreed to open a college there, the very first college founded by the Jesuits and for this reason known as "Primum ac Prototypum Collegium". Since this gave new direction to the apostolic options of the Society of Jesus, Ignatius added solemnity to its founding, requesting the Pope's blessing for the opening team of ten Jesuits which included one of his earliest companions Jerome Nadal. Early Jesuit library inventories provide an idea of topics studied. Brendan Connolly, S.J., "The Roots of Jesuit Librarianship, 1540- 1599" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate Library School, University of ...
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Apostrophe (figure Of Speech)
An apostrophe is an exclamatory figure of speech. It occurs when a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience (e.g., in a play) and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes absent from the scene. Often the addressee is a personified abstract quality or inanimate object. In dramatic works and poetry written in or translated into English, such a figure of speech is often introduced by the vocative exclamation, "O". Poets may apostrophize a beloved, the Muses, God or gods, love, time, or any other entity that can't respond in reality. Examples * "O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?" 1 Corinthians 15:55, Paul the Apostle * "O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, / That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! / Thou art the ruins of the noblest man / That ever lived in the tide of times." William Shakespeare, ''Julius Caesar'', act 3, scene 1 * "O happy dagger! This is thy sheath; there rest, and ...
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