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Gynocentrism
Gynocentrism is a dominant or exclusive focus on women in theory or practice. Anything can be gynocentric when it is considered exclusively with a female or feminist point of view in mind. The opposite practice, placing the masculine point of view at the centre, is androcentrism. Etymology The term ''gynocentrism'' is derived from ancient Greek, γυνή and κέντρον. Γυνή can be translated as ''woman'' or ''female'', but also as ''wife''. In ancient Greek compounds with γυνή, the stem γυναικ- is normally used. This stem can be spotted in the genitive case γυναικός, and in the older form of the nominative case γύναιξ. In ancient Greek, no compounds are known to exist with γυνή that start with γυνο- or γυνω-. The ancient Greek word κέντρον can be translated as ''sharp point'', ''sting (of bees and wasps)'', ''point of a spear'' and ''stationary point of a pair of compasses'', with the meaning ''centre of a circle'' related to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matriarchy
Matriarchy is a social system in which positions of Power (social and political), power and Social privilege, privilege are held by women. In a broader sense it can also extend to moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, definitions specific to anthropology and feminism differ in some respects. Matriarchies may also be confused with matrilineality, matrilineal, matrilocal residence, matrilocal, and matrifocal family, matrifocal societies. While some may consider any non-patriarchal system to be matriarchal, most academics exclude those systems from matriarchies as strictly defined. Many societies have had matriarchal elements, but unlike the Patriarchy, patriarchal, a complete exclusion of men in authority has not been recorded in history. Definitions, connotations, and etymology According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED''), matriarchy is a "form of social organization in which the mother or olde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masculinity
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as Social construction of gender, socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is Sex and gender distinction, distinct from the definition of the Male, biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. In Western cultures, its meaning is traditionally drawn from being contrasted with femininity. Overview Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures, subcultures, ethnic groups and historical periods. Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in Western world, Western society include physical stren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christina Hoff Sommers
Christina Marie Hoff Sommers (born September 28, 1950) is an American author and philosopher. Specializing in ethics, she is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Sommers is known for her critique of contemporary feminism. Her work includes the books '' Who Stole Feminism?'' (1994) and ''The War Against Boys'' (2000). She also hosts a video blog called ''The Factual Feminist''. Sommers' positions and writing have been characterized by the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' as " equity feminism", a classical- liberal or libertarian feminist perspective holding that the main political role of feminism is to ensure that the right against coercive interference is not infringed. Sommers has contrasted equity feminism with what she terms '' victim feminism'' and ''gender feminism''. Hamilton College speech, 19 November 2008. Several writers have described Sommers' positions as anti-feminist. Early life and education Sommers was born in 1950 to Kenneth and Dol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthropocentrism
Anthropocentrism ( ) is the belief that human beings are the central or most important entity on the planet. The term can be used interchangeably with humanocentrism, and some refer to the concept as human supremacy or human exceptionalism. From an anthropocentric perspective, humankind is seen as separate from nature and superior to it, and other entities (animals, plants, minerals, etc.) are viewed as resources for humans to use. It is possible to distinguish between at least three types of anthropocentrism: perceptual anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms informed by sense-data from human sensory organs"); descriptive anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms that begin from, center upon, or are ordered around ''Homo sapiens'' / ‘the human'"); and normative anthropocentrism (which "characterizes paradigms that make assumptions or assertions about the superiority of ''Homo sapiens'', its capacities, the primacy of its values, rits position in the universe" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herstory
Herstory is a term for history written from a feminist perspective and emphasizing the role of women, or told from a woman's point of view. It originated as an alteration of the word "history", as part of a feminist critique of conventional historiography, which in their opinion is traditionally written as "his story", i.e., from the male point of view. The term is a neologism and a deliberate play on words; the word "history"—via Latin ''historia'' from the Ancient Greek word ἱστορία, a noun meaning 'knowledge obtained by inquiry'—is etymologically unrelated to the possessive pronoun '' his''.Jane Mills, "Womanwords: a dictionary of words about women", 1992, p. 118./ref> Usage Literature scholar Fritz Fleischmann marks "the first documented instance of the word-play with His-Story/Her-Story" as the title page of the 1817 novel ''Keep Cool'' by early feminist John Neal. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' credits Robin Morgan with first using the term "her ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gynocriticism
Gynocriticism or gynocritics is the term coined in the seventies by Elaine Showalter to describe a new literary project intended to construct "a female framework for the analysis of women's literature". By expanding the historical study of women writers as a distinct literary tradition, gynocritics sought to develop new models based on the study of female experience to replace male models of literary creation, and so "map the territory" left unexplored in earlier literary criticisms. History While previous figures like Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir had already begun to review and evaluate the female image in literature, and second-wave feminism had explored phallocentrism and sexism through a female reading of male authors, gynocriticism was designed as a "second phase" in feminist criticism – turning to a focus on, and interrogation of female authorship, images, the feminine experience and ideology, and the history and development of the female literary tradition.Xu, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Androcentrism
Androcentrism (Ancient Greek, ἀνήρ, "man, male") is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing a masculine point of view at the center of one's world view, culture, and history, thereby culturally marginalizing femininity. The related adjective is ''androcentric'', while the practice of placing the feminine point of view at the center is '' gynocentric''. Androcentrism has been described as a pervasive form of sexism. However, it has also been described as a movement centered on, emphasizing, or dominated by males or masculine interests. Etymology The term ''androcentrism'' was introduced 1903 by Lester Frank Ward in his book Pure Sociology. In his approach from biology to sociology, he argued that the life evolves from gynaecocracy to androcentrism. He wrote that "the male sex is viewed as primary, and the female is secondary", as a consequence of human evolution, but that in evolutionary biology, the female organism is primary as a means of procreation (1914, 292 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allen And Unwin
George Allen & Unwin was a British publishing company formed in 1911 when Sir Stanley Unwin purchased a controlling interest in George Allen & Co. It became one of the leading publishers of the twentieth century and established an Australian subsidiary in 1976. In 1990 Allen & Unwin was sold to HarperCollins, and the Australian branch was the subject of a management buy-out. George Allen & Unwin in the UK George Allen & Sons was established in 1871 by George Allen, with the backing of John Ruskin, becoming George Allen & Co. Ltd. in 1911 when it merged with Swan Sonnenschein and then George Allen & Unwin on 4 August 1914 as a result of Stanley Unwin's purchase of a controlling interest. Frank Arthur Mumby and Frances Helena Swan Stallybrass, Unwin's son Rayner S. Unwin and his nephew Philip helped him to run the company, which published works by Bertrand Russell, Arthur Waley, Roald Dahl, Lancelot Hogben and Thor Heyerdahl. It became well known as J. R. R. Tolkien's pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Essentialism
Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their Identity (philosophy), identity. In early Western thought, Platonic idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an Theory of forms, "idea" or "form". In ''Categories (Aristotle), Categories'', Aristotle similarly proposed that all objects have a Substance theory, substance that, as George Lakoff put it, "make the thing what it is, and without which it would be not ''that'' kind of thing". The contrary view—non-essentialism—denies the need to posit such an "essence". Essentialism has been controversial from its beginning. In the ''Parmenides (dialogue), Parmenides'' dialogue, Plato depicts Socrates questioning the notion, suggesting that if we accept the idea that every beautiful thing or just action partakes of an essence to be beautiful or just, we must also accept the "existence of separate essences for hair, mud, and dirt". Older social theories were often conceptually esse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Misandry
Misandry () is the hatred of or prejudice against men or boys. Earliest recorded use: 1885. "No man whom she cared for had ever proposed to marry her. She could not account for it, and it was a growing source of bitterness, of misogyny as well as misandry." ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' September 289/1. Men's rights activists (MRAs) and other masculinist groups have characterized modern laws concerning divorce, domestic violence, conscription, circumcision (known as male genital mutilation by opponents), and treatment of male rape victims as examples of institutional misandry. However, in virtually all societies, misandry lacks institutional and systemic support comparable to misogyny, the hatred of women. In the Internet Age, users posting on manosphere internet forums such as 4chan and subreddits addressing men's rights activism have claimed that misandry is widespread, established in preferential treatment of women, and shown by discrimination against men. MRAs h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katherine K
Katherine (), also spelled Catherine and other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Christian saints, Catherine of Alexandria. In the early Christian era it came to be associated with the Greek adjective (), meaning 'pure'. This influenced the name's English spelling, giving rise to variants ''Katharine'' and ''Catharine''. The spelling with a middle 'a' was more common in the past. ''Katherine'', with a middle 'e', was first recorded in England in 1196 after being brought back from the Crusades. Popularity and variations Anglophone use In Britain and America, ''Catherine'' and its variants have been among the 100 most popular names since 1880. Amongst the most common variants are ''Katherine'' and ''Kathryn''. The spelling ''Catherine'' is common in both English and French. Less-common variants in English include ''Katharine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ros Coward
Rosalind Coward is a journalist and writer. She is an Emeritus Professor of journalism at Roehampton University, and a former member of the board of Greenpeace UK (2005–12). Education Coward gained her first degree in English literature from Cambridge University and her PhD from the Thames Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich) in 1981. Career She has been a columnist for ''The Guardian'' since 1992 and was previously a regular contributor to ''The Observer'' and '' Marxism Today''. She wrote a regular column for ''The Guardian'''s Comment pages between 1995 and 2004. From 2005 to 2008 she was the author of the regular "Looking After Mother" column for the Saturday ''Guardians Family section, about the problems faced by those caring for people with dementia. Her career in journalism includes feature writing for many national newspapers and magazines including the ''London Evening Standard'', ''Daily Mail'', ''Cosmopolitan'' and the ''New Statesman''. She is know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
